158 
When a “filler” row is to be staked this 
second loop is used and stakes or trees 
are set by the marks on the wire (except 
that the first one is skipped). 
J. R. SHINN, 
Moscow, Idaho. 
PLAN AND DOUBLE PLANTING 
Double planting is desirable because it 
enables us to make full use of the land 
while the orchardis young. By converting 
permanent squares into temporary quin- 
cunxes we secure an ideal plan for double 
planting; thus by planting our filler at the 
intersection of the diagonals of a 40-foot 
square, we get five trees in the square 
with the central tree standing about 28 
feet from the permanent trees. This is 
an almost ideal distance for apple trees 
for the first 10 or 15 years of their bear- 
ing stage. This system of planting is not 
confined to the apple, however, but may 
be employed with other fruits as well. 
The practice of mixing different kinds of 
fruit trees in the same block is never ad- 
visable; the filler should always be of 
the same kind of fruit as the permanent 
trees; it is usually a different and quicker 
bearing variety. 
Septuple Planting 
In septuple planting the tree form equi- 
lateral triangles. The chief claim made 
for this method is that the trees are more 
evenly distributed than by any other— 
every tree being equidistant from the ad- 
jacent member of its group. Moreover, 
the trees in one row alternate with those 
of the next, which is an advantage in es- 
pecially windy locations. Although this 
system does not lend itself readily to dou- 
ble planting it does not prohibit it. Plate 
I, Fig. 3, illustrates the different methods 
of using fillers in connection with perma- 
nent triangles. By introducing fillers in 
different ways, quite a variety of distances 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
may be secured. This also meets the con. 
dition of the home orchard inasmuch as 
we may approximate the ideal distances 
for the different kinds of fruit grown 
without modifying the general planting 
plan. For example, if apples are planted 
in permanent triangles, 40 feet apart, 
then by planting an additional tree in the 
center of each triangle we create a sys. 
tem of smaller triangles with trees stanq- 
ing approximately 23 feet apart, which is 
a very good distance for standard pears 
and sweet cherries. For plums, peaches 
and sour cherries, an additional tree may 
be planted between the corner 40-foot 
trees, thus converting the plan into tri- 
angles with trees standing only 20 feet 
apart; or trees may be set in the center 
of the 23-foot triangles, giving a distance 
of approximately 13 feet between trees. 
The 20-foot triangles reduce in the same 
manner approximately 11 feet. Thus al- 
most any distance can be secured through 
these various methods of reducing the 
triangle. 
Planting Plans 
Many orchards are planted in too hap- 
hazard a way and without due regard to 
plan or alignment. A little care in laying 
out the rows will secure reasonably good 
alignment and a result that will be a 
source of gratification and pride to the 
planter throughout the life of the orchard. 
Many individual plans have been advo- 
cated from time to time, but these fall 
readily into four systems of planting: 
viz., rectangular, square, triangular and 
irregular. The last system need not be 
noticed here since it is very seldom if 
ever justified. 
The comparative merits of these dif- 
ferent systems is of no little importance. 
On smooth and level land the preference 
of the grower will prove the main factor 
in deciding upon a plan for the orchard, 
