160 
angular planting is adopted. This is true 
even where the land is quite steep, since 
if the base line of permanent trees is par- 
allel in the main to the contour lines, 
then this will be true also of the perma- 
nent alleys while the alleys formed by 
all the trees taken together will leave the 
contour more properly the base line at 
an angle of only 80 degrees. This will 
make cultivation and hauling easy except 
on quite steep land where even a better 
plan than this can be adopted. The base 
line of either the smaller or larger 
(formed by permanent trees) system of 
triangles can be so laid out that it will 
interesect the main contour lines at an 
angle of 15 degrees, which will result 
in both the temporary and permanent 
alleys leaving the contour at an angle of 
only 15 degrees. This arrangement will 
result in an easy grade even on quite 
steep slopes. For the particular condi- 
tions just described, triangular planting 
has very decided advantage over all other 
types. In fact. there is no other sys- 
tem that has been devised which will 
satisfy the three conditions of even dis- 
tribution, filler planting and planting on 
steep slopes. The decision between the 
different methods of planting under these 
conditions is not a matter of choice but 
one of necessity unless one is ready to 
disregard all questions of convenience in 
cultivating, spraying and harvesting. 
(See Plate I, Figs. 2 and 8, p. 161.) 
Fitting the Plan to Special Conditions 
We have seen above that special topo- 
graphical features may have much to do 
with the selection of a planting plan, but 
thus far we have considered only plane 
surfaces—either level land or uniform 
slopes. Cove lands are often our very 
best orchard sites. These coves may be 
narrow or very broad. The main con- 
tour lines of two opposite slopes may, 
when projected to:-a common point, in- 
tersect each other at angles of approxi- 
mately 60, 90 and 120 degrees or they 
may be practically parallel and the head 
of the cove roughly assumes the form of 
a half circle. The reverse conditions 
will be met when planting on two oppo- 
site sides and around the ends of ridges. 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
The ridge may be narrow and sharply 
pointed or it may pe broad with end well 
rounded. It may be practicable to plant 
the whole slope or only a part ot it. Iy 
fact, a great variety of conditions will be 
met in actual practice. Can orchard plans 
be devised to fit these variable topograph 
ical features? Such plan must result in 
rows parallel (approximately) to the 
contour lines and yet secure a uniform 
distance between the trees with regular 
and even distribution. 
By combining square and triangular 
planting in the same plan the grower wij] 
usually be able to fit his planting to al. 
most any type of surface which may be 
met. It is of course obvious that minor 
irregularities cannot be taken into ac 
count. We will now attempt to show how 
this can be done by discussing the main 
types likely to occur. 
1. Given a@ case where the head of a 
cove or the end of a ridge represents a 
hollowed or rounded surface and the con- 
tour lines of the opposite slopes approach 
so that when projected to the point of 
meeting they will form an angle of 120 
degrees. 
The plan of planting that will best fit 
this type of surface may be described as 
follows: A system of equilateral triangles 
are arranged on the point of the ridge 
or at the head of the cove so as to form 
a group constituting one large equilateral 
triangle. The figure will have apex at 
upper side of field for ridge and at the 
lower side of field for cove planting. The 
triangular group thus serves as a wedge 
to turn the course of the two wings of 
the plan. Perpendicular lines are pro- 
jected from the trees on the two sides of 
this figure and these will locate the rows 
for the square planting. (See Plate I, Fig. 
4, p. 161.) It is only necessary to meas- 
ure off the proper distances on these lines 
to locate the position of the trees belong- 
ing to the square planting. The plan then 
becomes two systems of squares (form- 
ing either square or rectangular figures) 
connected by a system of small triangles 
constituting one large equilateral triangle. 
It is obvious then that the main rows of 
the two wings will form with each other 
an angle of 120 degrees. 
