162 
of 60 degrees and are the same distance 
apart aS the distance between the trees; 
then the trees can be located in alternate 
fashion on these curved lines so as to 
secure a gradual shift from the triangu- 
lar to square type of planting. This re- 
sults in a uniform width of alleys, a 
smoother and more regular arrangement 
of rows. The rows are also more nearly 
parallel to the contour. While the trees 
are not as evenly distributed as before 
(requiring slightly more land) yet this 
difference is unimportant. The method of 
laying out this figure is not difficult. (See 
Plate I, Fig. 5, p. 161.) Pure triangular 
planting will also meet this case. Four 
equilateral triangles with a common apex 
will leave an angle of 90 degrees. (See 
Plate I, Fig. 9, p. 161.) 
2. Given a case where the contour lines 
of the two opposite and approaching slopes 
meet at an angle of approximately 90 de- 
grees. 
Square planting so as to form an “L” 
meets the requirements of this type of 
surface. (See Plate I, Fig. 7, p. 161.) 
3. Given a case where the intersect- 
ing contour lines form an angle of only 
60 degrees. 
This will be approximated in case of 
narrow ridges or coves. Such types of 
surface conformation are frequently met. 
Two triangular figures such as were de- 
scribed under No. 1 are used for the tri- 
angular planting. They are arranged 
with a common base line and with apices 
opposite. This common base line serves 
as @ meridian and runs directly up the 
slope. Perpendiculars are projected as 
before from the trees on the upper side 
of this double figure for ridge planting 
and from the lower side for cove plant- 
ing. The angle formed by the main rows 
of the two wings form an angle of 60 de- 
grees. (See Plate I, Fig. 8, p. 161.) 
This same type of surface can be solidly 
in triangles so arranged as to form a 
winged figure with the same angle, but 
the turn is more abrupt. (See Plate I 
Fig. 6, p. 161.) 
4. Only one more type of surface ex- 
ists, viz., where the contour of opposite 
slopes whether ridge or cove formation 
are practically parallel except at the end 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
of ridge or head of cove, the point of june. 
ture being effected by a half circular 
slope (either concave or conver). 
Here three triangular systems or fig. 
ures with a common apex furnishes a half 
hexagon and will therefore give a fyy 
turn to the rows. It is better, however, 
as in case No. 1, to describe a system of 
half circles and plant alternately on these 
lines than to plant in perfect triangles, 
The contour lines will thus be approxi- 
mated and there will be a uniform width 
to the alleys as well as a uniform curva. 
ture of rows. The distribution of trees is 
sufficiently even to meet all practical re. 
quirements; in fact, they are more evenly 
distributed than in square planting. (See 
Plate I, Fig. 10, p. 161.) 
At first blush these combination plans 
appear to be too fanciful to be of practical 
value, but on comparing them with many 
types of surface formation, and a great 
variety in topography which may be found 
in this state, it will be found that one or 
the other of the plans described or a com- 
bination of these plans may be made to fit 
almost any type of surface to be found. 
If due regard is given by the grower to 
planting plans there is no reason why 
roads should follow all kinds of grades 
through the orchard. T'oo little attention 
has been paid to this subject in the past 
which has resulted in great inconvenience 
in cultivating and spraying the orchard 
and in harvesting the fruit crop. 
Planting Table 
Number of Trees Per Acre 
Distance apart 
of trees Square Triangular 
each way in feet Method Method 
V2. ee. . 3802 348 
ss ee 193 222 
18 . 134 154 
20 109 125 
25 69 79 
30 4§ 55 
35 35 40 
AO. ae cecee eens oe 27 31 
Planting Rules 
1. To determine the number of trees re- 
quired per acre by the square method at 
a given distance apart. The number of 
square feet per acre (43,560) divided by 
the square of the distance will give the 
correct number. 
