APPLES 279 
Figures 6 and 7 are Ganoes, and the 
measurements are as follows: 
Fig. 6 headed near the ground, meas- 
ured in circumference at the base 46 
inches. 
Fig. 7 headed 24 inches high, circum- 
ference at base, 40 inches. 
Fig. § headed at the ground, Newtown 
Spitzenburg, 43 inches. 
Fig. 9 same variety, headed 35 inches 
high, 251%4 inches circumference. 
Fig. 11 Esopus Spitzenburg, headed 16 
inches high, 41 inches in circumference. 
Fig. 12 Esopus Spitzenburg, headed at 
lead 
the ground, see Fig. 7. 
In every case the top system of the 
low headed tree was stronger, healthier 
and Jarger. No records have been kept of 
the bearing, but from memory would say 
that the fruit yielded is in proportion to 
the size of the tree. 
The accompanying cut is used to rep- 
resent a wrong method of pruning. 
| 
Fig. 10. Pen sketch of frame work of four 
year old tree which bore 41 apples. 
According to our belief, the top should 
have been started at cross mark, rather 
than thrice that height, because it could 
have born its fruit with less than half 
the strain and would have been less like- 
ly to lean or break by the force of the 
winds. } 
However, in traveling over the country, 
~eut back. 
we have discovered that all conditions are 
not the same, in fact, no two places are 
exactly alike in climate, soil, or other 
environments, and that what might be 
better under one set of circumstances 
would not be wise under vastly different 
conditions. For instance, in Hastern 
Colorado and Western Kansas, where the 
winds are strong and the sun hot, it is 
better to head the trees at the ground 
to prevent leaning, breaking and sun 
scald. In the coves of the hills or moun- 
tains, where the trees are protected from 
the winds, there would be little danger 
of injury from winds and in a humid 
climate little danger from sun scald. We 
give, therefore, views from several au- 
thors with wide experience in several 
states. These views differ in many par- 
ticulars but are doubtless the results of 
experience in the various sections from 
which they come. . 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
Pruning When Transplanting 
We are ready to set the tree and the 
problem of pruning is before us. It is nec- 
essary to cut away part of the branches 
to enable the injured root system to sup- 
ply the remaining branches with water. 
The less the roots are injured the less 
the top need be cut away. Both theory 
and experience lead to the belief that 
fruit growers usually make a mistake in 
the manner of pruning newly set trees. 
The common way is to cut back all of 
the branches. (This, in many cases, is 
wrong. The top| buds on a branch develop 
soonest and produce the largest leaves. 
Now a newly-set tree will grow best if it 
can develop a large leaf surface before 
dry, hot weather sets in, and this it will 
do if some branches are left intact. There- 
fore, instead of shortening-in all branches, 
cut away some or the branches entirely. 
The tree so pruned will start growth and 
acquire vigor more quickly and a better 
top can be formed. There are some cases 
in which certain fruits or varieties pro- 
‘duce abnormally long pranches by the end 
of the second year which may have to be 
At the end of |the second year the root sys- 
tem will have a|good start and if the whole 
