358 
the number is used, the tier rarely ap- 
pearing. An increasing number of per- 
sons believe that the confusion frequent- 
ly arising from the use of the term tier 
warrants its complete abandonment. Cer- 
tainly small, medwm, large, would ex- 
press as much. Apple dealers are be- 
ginning to identify by the actual counts 
rather than by any name classifying 
them. 
STYLES OF PACK 
Jumble Method 
Apples are packed in boxes accord- 
ing to the jumble and the layer methods. 
The jumble method is only a modification 
of the barrel pack. It has been used 
chiefly in Colorado, and is sometimes 
called the “Colorado” pack. In this pack, 
two layers are first placed into the box 
stem end down, in what is called the 
three-two order. (See three-two pack.) 
The box is then poured full, and the top 
arranged as regularly as possible, stem 
end up. When nailed, the box is re- 
versed, the side which was packed first 
being considered as the top. Apples 
packed thus are never wrapped, although 
the boxes are usually lined. The apples 
are rarely graded so closely for size as 
where the layer pack is used. The ad- 
vantages of this method are: (1) its 
cheapness and (2) the rapidity with 
which the packing is accomplished. The 
objections are: (1) it requires a larger 
box for the same weight of apples than 
the layer method; (2) the apples can- 
not be given the advantages of wrapping; 
(3) there is less incentive toward secur- 
jing uniformity of size; (4) the interior 
of the package does not present so pleas- 
ing and finished an appearance, from 
which it might be inferred that the value 
of the apples does not warrant care in 
packing them. 
Layer Method 
The two types of the layer pack are 
the square and the diagonal, or “dia- 
mond.” The advantages and disadvan- 
tages of the layer pack are inversely those 
of the jumble pack. In the square pack 
the rows of apples run parallel to the 
edges of the box in all directions. In 
the diagonal pack the rows run diagonal- 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
ly from one side of the bo. toward the 
opposite side in all directions The op. 
jection to the square pack 1s that in it 
one apple bears directly against another, 
both crosswise and from top to bottom 
through the box; so that when pressure 
is brought against the top, bottom or side 
of the box, it causes a direct pressure 
throughout the rows, with biuises as the 
result. The advantage ot the diagonal 
pack is that in it each apple fits into the 
interstice between other apples, and when 
pressure is brought to bear upon it, in. 
stead of forcing itself directly against 
another apple, it tends to shove the other 
apples aside and make its way between 
them, these other apples tending to shove 
their way between still others, and so 
on; so that no direct pressure results, but 
a modified one. This explains why the 
diagonal pack has superseded the square 
Diagonal Pack 
There are six possible forms of the 
diagonal pack: T'wo-one, two-two, three- 
two, three-three, four-three, tour-four 
The three-three and four-four packs are 
called “offset” packs. In these are also 
distinct rows running crosswise of the 
box. These rows begin alternately at 
either side of the box, ending with a space 
at the opposite side, hence the term “off- 
set.” The objections to the offset pack 
are that it leaves large holes at the side 
of the box, from which point the box is 
opened by the buyer for inspection; also 
that its use tends toward confusion in 
packing, by multiplicity of styles. The 
same apples pack well in the threetwo 
and two-two packs; except in the case of 
some small apples, when the three-three 
pack is needed. The only layer packs 
now sanctioned by the best usage in the 
Northwest, are the two-one, the two-two, 
the three-two, and a few small sizes of 
the three-three pack. 
Two-One Pack 
To begin the two-one pack, place an 
apple in the lower left hand corner of the 
box, then one in the lower right hand 
corner, then a third between the two. 
They will be of such a size that the third 
Will not slip toward the lower head of 
