APPLES 
of three teet and 15 teet from the tree 
caught but five grains. 
On April 28 slides were set near a very 
full blooming Kinnaird and left seven 
and one-half hours in a wind blowing 
four or five miles per hour. Number 
four was set at a height of six feet, 15 
feet from the tree, and caught 10 grains 
of pollen. Number five was set at a 
height of six feet, 25 feet from the tree, 
and caught but three grains of pollen. 
Number six, at a height of three feet, 15 
feet from the tree, held five grains of 
pollen. The same day slides were set 
near a tree of Cullen and left for the 
same length of time, seven and one-half 
hours. Number seven was set at a height 
of eight and one-half feet, 33 feet from 
the tree, and caught but seven grains of 
pollen. 
From foregoing results it will be seen 
that the wind does aid in pollination 
The reason why more grains of pollen 
were caught by the slides further away 
from the tree than those close to it is 
because the grains of pollen hold to- 
gether to some extent until they are 
blown apart by the wind. Though this 
is all true it cannot be expected that 
the wind is much of an agent in the 
pollination of orchards. To illustrate, let 
us compare the apple with the pine. The 
pine is fertilized almost entirely by the 
wind and without doubt there are as 
many pistils to fertilize in pine as in 
the apple; yet, though there are showers 
of pollen from the pine that make the 
ground yellow, some of the pistils escape 
fertilization, as will be seen on the ex- 
amination of a pine cone, by the number 
of infertile seeds it contains. By com- 
paring the amount of pollen produced by 
the apple with that produced by the pine, 
it will readily be seen that the wind is a 
very insignificant agent in the pollina- 
tion of our orchards. 
The notes as to the number of pollen 
grains were taken for about one square 
centimeter. As each apple blossom con- 
tains five pistils and each is only the 
fraction of a centimeter, wind pollina- 
tion would be more accidental than 
otherwise. G. O. GREENE, 
Manhattan, Kan 
417 
Hy bridization 
Production of New Varieties by Cross 
Pollination 
From our own experience and the ex- 
perience of others, it would appear that 
if a good late keeping apple is desired, 
the chances are very slight that it will 
be produced from seeds of an early 
apple. On the other hand, seeds from 2 
late keeping apple will not, necessarily, 
produce late keeping varieties. Apples 
have been so inter-crossed, in nature, for 
hundreds of years, that the characteris- 
tics of many varieties are apparent in 
the seedlings of one I[t is possible that 
there never was a case where a seedling 
of a cultivated variety of apple was iden- 
tical in every respect with its parent. 
If it is desired, then, to originate a new 
variety, the following methods are recom- 
mended as being the most likely to pro- 
duce the variety with the characteristics 
sought for, although thousands of seed- 
lings may have to be grown to attain 
this purpose: 
1. To produce a hardy apple where 
no apples have yet been found hardy: 
Sow seeds of apples which have ripened 
in a climate as nearly similar as pos- 
sible. 
2. To produce a hardy long keeping 
apple of good quality: Sow seeds of long 
keeping apples of good quality which 
have ripened in a Similar climate, and 
when possible have both parents long 
keeping varieties. 
3. To produce an apple having certain 
characteristics, as regards hardiness, 
vigor and productiveness of tree, and 
quality, size and appearance of fruit: 
Sow seeds of varieties having most of 
the characteristics desired. 
4. If seedlings are to be grown on a 
large seale, more varieties having the 
characteristics desired will probably be 
obtained if trees of several named sorts 
blossoming at the same time be planted 
in close proximity in the orchard, and 
the seeds used from fruit borne on these 
trees. The trees thus planted should 
combine all the gcod points in the stand- 
ard aimed at, for the variety to be orig- 
inated. 
