420 
face. The camel’s hairbrush, which is 
often recommended, is not a safe thing 
to use, as pollen may stick in the hairs, 
and if several kinds are worked with, 
there will be no certainty as to the 
parentage. After this operation has been 
performed the bag should be put on 
again and tied tightly as before. A label 
should then be attached to the twig, on 
which should be written a number,. the 
names of the male and female parents, 
the number of flowers operated on, and 
the date on which the work was done. 
This record should also be kept in a 
notebook. When the blossoming period 
is over, and the fruit is well set the 
paper bag should be removed, a record 
taken of the number of apples which | 
have set, and then a gauze or muslin 
bag tied over the fruit instead of the 
paper one. The apples should then be 
left to grow and ripen in the orchard. 
Late apples which are not thoroughly 
matured when harvested should be left 
as long as possible before the seeds are 
taken out. The seeds should be re- 
moved, however, in time to sow them 
before winter sets in. 
eounted and the number recorded with 
the other data, and then treated the 
same as has already been recommended 
in the paragraph on Seedling Varieties. 
- Much systematic work has been done 
in Canada in originating varieties of 
apples. by cross-fertilization and hybrid- 
ization. To the late Charles Arnold, of 
Paris, Ont., and to the late P. C. Demp- 
sey, of Trenton, Ont., is due great credit 
for work done at a time when few were 
interested in the scientific aspects of 
fruit-growing. The Ontario apple, which 
was originated by Charles Arnold by 
crossing the Northern Spy with the Wag- 
ener, is a worthy memorial to that gen- 
tleman, it being one of our best and most 
profitable commercial apples. 
ton and Walter apples are two of Mr. 
Dempsey’s crosses, and are among the 
best apples of their season. 
horticulturist of the Central Experimental 
Farm, Mr: John Craig, also did some 
work in this direction, and some of his — 
crosses which have fruited are promis- 
They should be 
The Tren- 
The late | 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
ing. During the past eight years the 
writer has done some work also, the ob. 
ject being to obtain, if possible, hardy, 
late-keeping, productive apples of fing 
color and good quality, which are much 
needed in Northern and Hastern Ontario 
and the Province of Quebec. The Me. 
Intosh Red and Lawver apples were 
used for this work at first. They are 
good sized red apples, and also annual, 
though not heavy, bearers. The Meln- 
tosh Red apple is probably unsurpasseq 
in quality by any apple of its season. 
The Lawver apple is the best keeping 
apple yet fruited at the Central Experi- 
mental Farm, it having been kept in 
good condition in an ordinary cellar for 
over a year. It was thought when these 
crosses were made that the Lawver 
would continue to prove hardy at Ottawa, 
but this variety was winter-killed in 
1908-4. 
Bud-Varieties, Sports 
These are chance variations from the 
ordinary types which are sufficiently dis- 
tinct to be regarded as different vari- 
eties. For instance, if the fruit on one 
branch of a tree which has not been 
grafted or budded is quite different from 
that on the others, it is a bud-variety. 
Bud-varieties may be propagated and 
perpetuated the same as other kinds. 
Individuality in Apple Trees 
Records are kept of the yields from 
each individual tree in the orchard at 
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 
hence it is known what each tree pro- 
duces. It has been found that there is 
a marked variation in trees of the same 
age planted at the same time and grow- 
ing under very similar conditions. It is 
now recognized by some of the best au- 
_thorities that each bud of a tree has 
individual characteristics which separate 
it from all other buds and, although the 
_ differences in buds are, in most cases, so 
Slight that it is impossible to 
them, yet in some instances they may 
detect 
be quite marked. Fruit growers have 
noticed that one tree or bush is more 
productive than another or bears larger, 
more highly colored or better flavored 
