APPLE DISEASES 
fungus should now be Neofabraea mah- 
cortuis (Cordley ). 
4 The conidial stage has been found 
commonly causing a rot of the truit of 
the apple and the quince, both in the 
orchard and in storage. 
14. Both the conidial and ascosporic 
stages have been found in nature on the 
pear. Cankers have been produced on 
this host by inoculation with the coni- 
dial stage of the fungus isolated from 
the apple. 
11. Cankers have also been produced 
by inoculation with the fungus isolated 
from the apple, on peach, prune and 
cherry branches, but no spores have 
been observed to be matured in these 
cankers. The occurrence of such cankers 
in nature has not been proved 
12. No evidence has been secured 
that new cankers are formed by the 
spread of the fungus in the tissues from 
old cankers. The fungus has, however, 
been isolated from the heart wood be- 
neath cankers on branches of the apple, 
two years after the maturation of the 
conidial stage. The extent and impor- 
ance of the fungus as a heart rot has, 
however, not been investigated thor- 
oughly. 
Recommendations 
1. Where orchards are only slightly 
affected with anthracnose, or where it 
is considered advisable to spray as a 
matter of general orchard practice, grow- 
ers are advised to spray once each year 
in the fall as soon as possible after the 
fruit is picked, using Bordeaux mixture 
6-6-50, or try in a part of the orchard 
the use of the combination spray of 
Bordeaux mixture 4-4-50 and arsenate of 
lead, two pounds to 50 gallons, in the 
last codling moth spray as suggested 
above. 
2. In orchards where the disease is 
on the increase and it is desired to 
make a special effort to prevent any 
further spread, growers should spray 
twice with Bordeaux mixture, 6-6-50, 
after the fruit is picked. The two 
applications should be about two or 
three weeks apart. If desired one appli- 
cation may be made before the fruit is 
445 
picked, using Bordeaux 4-4-50 and the 
other after the fruit is picked, using 
Bordeaux 6-6-50, 
3. Where the disease is abundant and 
is seriously interfering with the growth 
and productiveness of the orchard and 
it is desired to clean up the disease in 
the shortest time possible, then it is ad- 
vised to spray at least once before the 
fruit is picked with Bordeaux mixture, 
4-4-50. This application should be made 
about the middle of September or before 
the first tall rains. If desired the com- 
bination spray suggested under (1) 
above may be used instead of the appli- 
cation in the middle of September. In 
addition, such an orchard should be 
sprayed twice with Bordeaux after the 
fruit is picked, using the 6-6-50 formula, 
as recommended in (2) above. 
4. Growers who desire to spray be- 
fore the fruit is picked but who object 
to the Bordeaux at that time should try 
the ammoniacal solution of copper car- 
bonate, or some other copper compound 
which does not leave a deposit upon 
the fruit. It should be pointed out, how- 
ever, that the efficiency of these sprays, 
as a control of apple tree anthracnose 
has not been thoroughly demonstrated. 
5. It is advisable, where possible, to 
prune out all the more seriously infected 
branches before the spraying is done. 
The spraying is more important, how- 
ever, and should be given the prefer- 
ence. The pruning may follow the spray- 
ing, especially if the work is done as 
soon as possible afterwards. All affected 
branches which are cut out should be 
immediately removed from the orchard 
and burned, since they would be a source 
of infection if allowed to remain on the 
ground. 
6. In so far as it is practical it 
would be advisable whenever cankers 
are formed, to clean out the dead bark, 
and where the wounds are large to pro- 
tect the exposed wood with grafting wax 
or paint. It has been shown that bark 
in cankers may be a source of infection 
for at least three years. The removal 
of the dead bark is further advisable, 
since, if allowed to remain, it offers pro- 
