450 
well aS some more or less connected ex- 
perimental work done by several persons 
in different localities and widely differ- 
ing conditions show that the control of 
this disease is by far more important than 
suspected at an earlier date. It is now 
definitely known that the fungus has two 
stages, one of which may be termed the 
conidial and the other the ascigerous. 
Also that the fungus attacks the prune, 
plum and pear causing shallow cankers 
in the outer bark of the trunks and larger 
branches; will induce Gummosis of the 
cherry and in addition to the destruction 
wrought upon the apple tree, also causes 
the most serious loss of apples in both 
common and cold storage due to a fungus, 
as well as causing a similar decay of the 
fruit of the quince. 
The recognition and control of the dis- 
ease caused by this fungus which is now 
known under the scientific name of Ne- 
ofabraea Maticorticis (Cordley), Jackson, 
is of greatest importance as a disease of 
the apple since the fungus attacks the 
body of the tree directly threatening the 
life of the plant and later produces 
spores which lodge upon the fruit causing 
serious losses of the fruit after it has 
been placed in common or cold storage. 
The discovery that there are two spore 
forms developed in a canker and that the 
conidia mature the first year while the 
bark is dying or a little later and that 
the second year another crop of spores 
(ascospores) are thrown out, should make 
the orchardist doubly cautious in attempt- 
ing to eradicate the disease since the dis- 
tribution of spores continues for so long 
a period. 
Thorough applications of fungicides 
during the autumn applied previous to 
the early rains of winter do control the 
disease. Owing to the late date apple 
harvesting continues, it is sometimes true 
that the autumn rains are heavy enough 
to make the soil so muddy that it is im- 
possible to spray following the gathering 
of the fruit. Owing to the fact that tests 
with lime-sulphur and Bordeaux mixture 
made on mature fruit shortly be- 
fore picking time have at least 
indicated that the fruit may be sprayed 
without the slightest injury, it seems ad- 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
visable to spray the fruit before gathering 
it. Such applications should contro] the 
spread of the fungus for a short period at 
least and kill all the spores of the fungus 
(anthracnose) adhering to the fruit as 
well as in part preventing the late infec. 
tion of apple scab which sometimes takes 
place upon the fruit after the same has 
been wrapped, packed and placed in stor. 
age. 
A thorough spraying with double 
strength Bordeaux mixture, applied in 
spring before the buds began to open, has 
also given the desired results. At this 
time the entire tree is exposed to the 
direct drive of the spray and the trees 
may be so thoroughly coated that the 
amount of spray that will adhere to the 
bark during the entire season is sufficient 
to give as good results as have been ob- 
tained through applications during au- 
tumn. This spring spraying admits of 
thoroughly soaking all the cankers which 
if in a dry condition have been observed 
to become a deep blue color, due to the 
dead bark absorbing large quantities of 
the spray. 
In cleaning up a badly infested orchard 
the dead bark should be torn from all 
the cankers and as many of the new cank- 
ers scraped as practicable, after which 
one or more thorough sprayings, prefer- 
ably with Bordeaux, should be made. 
Black Spot Fungus or Scab 
Fusicladium dendriticum 
During recent years the apple scab 
fungus has been very troublesome in 
Canada, often injuring the fruit so badly 
that it is quite unsaleable The disease 
attacks the tree in early spring and is 
first noticeable as light green patches 
on the young leaves. The fruit may be 
affected as soon as formed and if badly 
diseased will drop off. As the fruit in- 
creases in size the diseased patches en- 
large and nearly all the surface is often 
covered with the black spots before the 
fruit is picked. In addition to the dis- 
figured appearance of the fruit, caused 
by this disease, the apples do not reach 
their full size. The apple spot develops 
most rapidly in moist weather. This 
disease may be almost entirely prevented 
