APPLE DISEASES 
water, but only enough water added to 
carry on the process without burning. 
After the slaking process is over, the 
lime should be thoroughly mixed with 
water until a milky fluid is obtained, 
when it is ready to add to the required 
amount of water to bring the total vol- 
ume up to one-half the water named in 
the formula. 
The copper-sulphate solution is best 
dissolved by placing a known weight of 
the material in a burlap sack and sus- 
pending it in the top of a barrel or 
tank of water. If 100 pounds are dis- 
solved in 50 gallons of water, 144 gal- 
lons of the stock solution will be re- 
quired for making 50 gallons of Bor- 
deaux by the 3-4-50 formula. 
The 4-4-50 or 5-5-50 formule are not 
to be advised for summer spraying, as 
serious burning is liable to follow their 
use. 
Spray Schedule 
First Application — Apply Bordeaux, 
3-4-50, as a mist three weeks after the 
falling of the petals. In case of wet 
weather substitute lime-sulphur for Bor- 
deaux. Apply Bordeaux as soon as the 
weather will permit. 
Second Application.—From two to four 
weeks after the first application apply 
Bordeaux, 3-4-50, again as a mist. Use 
lime-sulphur if the weather is wet. Ap- 
ply Bordeaux as soon as the weather 
will permit. 
Third Application.—Apply Bordeaux as 
in the previous applications, 10 weeks 
after the petals fall. 
By adding arsenate of lead at the rate 
of two pounds to 50 gallons of the fungi- 
cide, any of the above materials may be 
made to assist in the control of insects. 
Such a combination adheres to the fruit 
and foliage better than the fungicide 
alone. During an extremely hot, bright 
spell of weather the lime-sulphur-lead 
combination frequently causes burning, 
but during such weather it is advisable 
to use Bordeaux rather than lime-sul- 
phur. 
References 
Ellis & Everhart. Proceedings of 
453 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- 
delphia, 1895. 
Clinton. Illinois Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Bulletin No. 69. 
Scott & Quaintance U.S. Department 
Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 288, 
Scott & Rorer. Bureau of Plant In- 
dustry, Bulletin No. 144 
Sheldon. Science N. S. 26, No. 658; 
August 9, 1907 
D. EH. Lewis, 
Manhattan, Kan. 
Blue Mold Decay 
This is the rot of apples which is 
caused by the common blue mold which 
is familiar to everyone on preserved 
fruits, jellies, etc Blue mold grows as 
a saprophyte on a large number of dead 
organic substances and produces large 
numbers of spores so that the spores 
are practically everywhere present and 
may start a new growth of the mold 
whenever they fall upon a _ substance 
which furnishes a suitable food supply 
provided that the temperature is favor- 
able for growth. 
This decay of apples is probably 
caused by more than one species of this 
genus. In some cases other fungi aid 
in the decay but since Penicillium 
breaks out and shows more prominently 
on the surface of the apple, it is often 
held responsible for more of the decay 
than it causes. There can be no doubt, 
however, that one or more species of 
Penicillium cause a large amount of the 
soft rot of stored apples. This is pri- 
marily a rot of ripe apples and does not 
cause decay of green fruit. The threads 
of the fungus cannot penetrate the un- 
injured epidermis of the apple but must 
gain entrance through injured places 
such as bruises, cuts, cracks, worm holes, 
spray injured places or scab spots. It 
spreads rapidly in ripe apples and com- 
plete decay takes place in one or two 
weeks. The tissues become soft and are 
light brown in color. Little tufts of 
mycelium which bear the spores break 
out on the surface of the decayed region. 
These tufts soon become light blue or 
blue-green, later gray-green to brownish 
