454 
in color. Apples rotted by this fungus 
take on a Characteristic moldy odor and 
taste. 
Since the fungus enters the apple 
through wounds, any means of control 
of the rot must look to the prevention 
of injuries to the epidermis. Care must 
be taken to produce good, sound apples 
and then these should be picked and 
handled in such a way as to avoid cuts 
and bruises. The apples should be stored 
where the temperatures are as low as 
can be maintained with safety from 
freezing. W. J. MORSE, 
Orono, Maine. 
Bopy Briest. See Blight under Pear. 
Botrytis Decay 
A species of Botrytis causes a part of 
the decay of apples in Maine. It has 
been found causing a rot of early apples 
on the tree and inoculations have shown 
that it not only attacks ripe fruit but 
that it is capable of causing a rot of 
green apples. The fungus spread rather 
rapidly in the tissues of winter apples 
which were inoculated early in August, 
so that in two weeks one-half of each 
apple was decayed. It causes a rapid 
and complete decay of ripe apples. 
W. J. Morse, 
Orono, Maine. 
Brown Rot 
Sphaeropsis malorum 
See Black Rot. 
Brown Rot 
Sclerotinia fructigina 
Soft rot. Ripe rot. Same as brown 
rot of plum. This fungus is every- 
where present. The least break in the 
skin gives it easy entrance into the 
fruit. Loss of fruit in storage from this 
disease follows when the skin is cut by 
finger nails or punctured by fruit stems 
or broken in any way. 
Pick the fruit with stems on. In 
wrapping and packing, do the work in 
such a way that there will be no punc- 
turing by stems. Protect from injury 
by insects and diseases by spraying, as 
for scab. 
Rainy weather late in the season after 
prolonged drought may cause growth 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
cracks in the fruit through which this 
fungus may gain entrance to the flesh. 
To avoid this, maintain uniform rate of 
growth by thorough tile drainage anq 
by early and frequent cultivation to 
conserve the soil moisture and keep the 
skin of the fruit in active growing con- 
dition. 
S. A. Bracu, 
Ames, Ia. 
Brown Spot or Dry Rot of Baldwin 
Very frequent complaint is made of 
small sunken spots in fine specimens of 
Baldwin and some other varieties. In- 
ternally these sunken spots are dry and 
somewhat bitter, leading to general 
breakdown of the apple. These spots 
have been referred to a particular 
fungus (Phyllachora pomigena [Schw] 
Sace.), but the case is not proved. This 
internal brown spotting also occurs in 
Northern Spy and in Fameuse. The 
causes of the internal spotting are prob- 
ably the same in all cases and must in 
part be regarded as physiological break- 
down. New Hampshire Experiment Sta- 
tion (Bulletin 45) succeeded in controll- 
ing the form of this dry rot on Baldwin 
by the use of Bordeaux mixture. Some 
irregularity in results from spraying for 
it have been recorded elsewhere. 
A. D. Serpy. 
Calix Injury 
Sometimes thought to be occtasioned 
by sprays applied under unfavorable 
conditions. 
Canker and Twig Blight 
The term canker has become such a 
general one as not to admit of easy 
definition. It is commonly used to de- 
scribe the condition of branches of trees 
in which an area of bark has been killed 
and has broken away so that a portion 
of the wood is laid bare or is covered 
only by cracked and roughened bark 
which does not protect the wood. In 
the writer’s opinion the term “canker” 
as applied to diseased areas on trees 
should be restricted to those character- 
istic lesions on the trunk and limbs 
which are the result of alternate at- 
tempts to heal, with the formation of 
