466 
diseased flesh is not bitter, but is dry, 
tough and without flavor. When the ap- 
ple is badly affected, its commercial value 
is almost destroyed. Various causes have 
been assigned for this disease, namely, 
want of vigor of tree, lack of moisture in 
the soil, want of potash and lime in the 
soil. By those who have given most study 
to the rot it is ascribed to thé concentra- 
tion of sap caused by the transpiration of 
moisture, which causes the death of the 
cells. There is not yet any known remedy 
for this disease, but it will probably not 
be as troublesome if there is plenty of 
moisture in the soil, and if the trees are 
encouraged to make good, healthy growth. 
W. T. Macoun 
Edema 
An Edema or swelling of apple twigs 
has been described by Atkinson from New 
York (Cornell Station, Bulletin 61). This 
on closely trimmed trees on over fertile 
soil. 
European Apple Canker 
Nectria Ditissima Tul. 
This disease is reported as serious in 
the orchards of Europe, and is apparently 
becoming distributed in America. It is 
not of so common occurrence in New 
Hampshire as the black rot canker, but 
is more destructive where found. The 
fungus seems to be dependent upon 
wounds for entrance to the host tissue. It 
attacks the inner bark and: the cambium, 
and to some extent the young wood. The 
mycelium is perennial in the host. As 
the new growth develops around the 
wound it is attacked and killed by the fun- 
gus; thus a series of ridges may be de- 
veloped, giving a characteristic appear- 
ance to the disease. 
Two kinds of Summer spores are pro- 
duced, the first small and unicellular, the 
second sickle-shaped and having three or 
more cells. The latter is probably largely 
responsible for the spread of the disease 
during the summer. In the spring com- 
pact clusters of red lemon-shaped perithe- 
cia may be found near the edge of the 
canker. These may be seen with the un- 
aided eye. They contain numerous two- 
celled spores in sacs. 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
Treatment 
All cankered limbs should be destroyed. 
Wounds should be thoroughly coated 
with paint. Spraying may serve to disin- 
fect the smaller wounds produced by in- 
sects, hailstorms, etc. 
CHARLES BROOKS 
See Blight under Pear. 
See Sooty Black. 
See Leaf Spot. 
Fruit Pit 
H. 8. JACKSON 
This disease, otherwise locally spoken 
of as the “brown rot,” “bitter rot,” “bitter 
pit,” “Baldwin fruit spot,” etc., is in some 
respects one of the most serious troubles 
of the apple in the Northwest. It is pres- 
FIRE BLIGHT. 
FLY SPECK. 
Froc Eye. 
Fig. 1. Apple Showing Typical Appearance of 
Hines Pit. (New Hampshire Experiment Sta- 
tion. 
ent in more or less severity in all sections 
where apples are grown. A common 
disease, also, in most sections of the 
United States, it is serious in Germany 
and other sections of Europe as well, 
where it is generally referred to as “Stip- 
pin.” It is also common in Canada, Mexi- 
co, Australia, New Zealand and South 
