APPLE DISEASES 
Hail Injury 
There 18 nothing which can be done to 
prevent this injury, but frequently it is 
not noticed at the time and is later attri- 
buted to fungi, insects or other causes. 
The fruits may be badly deformed and 
scarred resembling somewhat curculio 
injury but the characteristic crescent- 
shaped scars of the latter are not present. 
Quite frequently hail injury is followed 
by fungous decays of the fruit resulting 
from infections of the wounds. 
Hollow Trunks 
It sometimes happens that a valuable 
shade or orchard tree becomes injured in 
such a way as to cause a cavity. This 
may have resulted from the breaking of 
a branch in a storm or from improper 
pruning. Whatever the cause the treat- 
ment is practically the same. All decayed 
or decaying matter should be removed 
from the cavity and with a sharp gouge 
or chisel all diseased wood cut away un- 
til sound heartwood is exposed. Then, 
before moisture or other injurious influ- 
ences can act upon the newly exposed 
parts, the whole cavity should be filled 
with a thin mortar, made by mixing one 
part of Portland cement with three parts 
of clean, sharp sand. After the mortar 
has had time to become stiff, but not 
hard, a surface coat made of one part of 
sand and one part of cement should be 
added and the surface so faced as to ex- 
clude all moisture from the opening of 
the cavity. An additional safeguard 
would be had in treating the inside of 
the cavity with a copper-sulphate solu- 
tion (one pound to five or six gallons of 
water) after the diseased wood has been 
removed with a gouge or chisel and be- 
fore the cement mortar is poured into the 
eavity. 
L. ©. CorBert, 
Washington, D C. 
Hypocnus 
Common to the mountain sections of 
the Southeast. This disease affects the 
apple, pear and quince. Trees affected 
have the appearance of fire blight. How- 
ever, the leaves only die. They droop in 
469 
dense matted masses, and in the later 
stages of the disease fall away. During 
damp weather the fungus grows with 
great rapidity between the matted leaves. 
It spreads from joint to joint by means 
of ribbon-like structures. Unless outside 
aid is brought the branch becomes com- 
pletely covered by mid-summer and the 
tree remains infected continuously. 
Treatment 
The fungus winters upon the twigs and 
rarely goes into the spore stage, hence, 
is easily controlled by the usual dormant 
sprays. 
The Jonathan Fruit Spot 
Nature and Importance of the Disease 
The spots, though seldom more than 
skin deep, detract greatly from the ap- 
pearance of the apple and afford a place 
of entrance for decay fungi. They are 
dark brown in color, more or less circular 
in outline, at first scarcely depressed, 
later becoming considerably sunken, and 
vary from one-eighth to three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter. They resemble very 
young bitter-rot spots and are not easily 
distinguished from the advanced stage of 
the New Hampshire fruit spot (Cylin- 
drosporium pomi Brooks). AS many as 
25 spots often occur on one apple, and a 
lenticel usually forms the center of each 
spot. Since the spots are entirely super- 
ficial, the intrinsic value of the fruit is 
not seriously affected, but its market 
value is greatly reduced. 
The disease occurs only on fully ma- 
tured fruit and usually develops after the 
crop is picked. If left on the trees long 
after maturing, the fruit of susceptible 
varieties may become affected before be- 
ing picked. This was observed on the 
Jonathan variety in Virginia and West 
Virginia during the fall of 1911. Accord- 
ing to numerous observations made by 
the writers, fruit picked at the proper 
time, or rather early, and rushed into 
cold storage with only two or three days’ 
delay, and consumed within a few days 
after removal from storage, will not de- 
velop the disease to any serious extent. 
Fruit of susceptible varieties kept in 
