APPLE DISEASES 
examined, 457, or a little more than 75 
per cent, had some root injury from gall, 
aphis, alkali, hard pan, farm machinery 
or something else. This examination was 
necessarily superficial, because we were 
careful not to injure the roots, and gen- 
erally the area dug was not more than 
one foot from the body of the tree, and 
not more than six inches deep. Yet 
with this casual examination, 75 per cent 
showed root injury. Of the 100 trees 
where the whole root was examined, 
every one of them showed root injury or 
malformation of the roots. 
In Mr. Strobach’s orchard, near North 
Yakima, Washington, I thought at first, 
that I had found an exception to this 
rule, but a more careful examination 
showed injury, doubtless from gophers, 
and I have the root on exhibition to show 
where the ends had been eaten off and 
the bark damaged. In one other orchard 
I thought I had found a marked excep- 
tion. However, an examination of the 
conditions showed the following facts: 
First. There was a substratum of hard 
pan near the surface, and this hard 
pan was strong in alkali. 
Second. In some places it was only six 
inches and in others two feet from the 
surface to the hard pan and the average 
depth was only about sixteen inches. 
Third. In many cases the roots of the 
trees were down to the hard pan and in 
growing could not penetrate, therefore 
had turned, grown laterally, and formed 
a kind of elbow. 
Fourth. In irrigating, the water could 
not penetrate the hard pan, and would 
tend to water-log the roots of the trees. 
Fifth. The orchard had been given 
clean cultivation to a depth of say four 
inches, which would cut off the tender 
rootlets to that depth, leaving an area 
below the cultivated area and above the 
hard pan of from two to twenty inches. 
Instead of this being an exception to 
my rule, it became, after analysis, one of 
the most conspicuous proofs of it. 
The Symptoms Described 
I have purposely left the description by 
which rosette is usually judged, up to this 
point, because I regard that what we gen- 
erally call rosette, is merely a symptom, 
rather than the disease itself. Three 
symptoms may be described as follows: 
1. The leaves on one or more branches 
of the tree fail to develop properly and 
have a yellowish appearance 
2. The branch on which these leaves 
appear, fail to elongate; and at a time 
of the year when 1t would normally have 
grown two or three feet in length, it has 
only grown two or three inches, This 
gives the leaves a bunched or rosetted ap- 
pearance. 
3. The wood of the previous year’s 
growth has failed to enlarge and has a 
sickly or shriveled appearance as if it 
lacked vigor. 
When we presume that the rosetted 
branch is a symptom of a disease, located 
on some other part of the organism, we 
are following well known precedents. For 
instance: 
Jaundice in the human body is mani- 
fest by a yellowing of the skin, but phys- 
icians say it is located in the liver. 
Dropsy is said to be an accumulation of 
serus fluid through some cavity or the 
cellular tissues of the body, but the real 
disease is in the kidneys. 
A. bluish skin is regarded as a symptom 
of heart disease, and unusual heat or 
dryness of the skin as a symptom of ttu- 
berculosis. 
Therefore when we say that rosette is 
a symptom of a disease located in some 
other part of the organism, we follow 
laws by which other diseases are judged. 
Another reason for this belief, and one 
that appeals to me with a good deal of 
force, is that if we take a rosetted 
branch and follow the avenues of its 
food supply down the trunk of the tree 
and into the root, we will find that all 
along the path of this circulation there 
are the same symptoms of disease as on 
the top. The bark of the tree is often 
yellowish, the cabium lacks vigor as is 
manifest at the top, and this condition 
is traceable to the root which is diseased 
or injured, in much the same manner in 
which a physician would trace a vein or 
an artery in the human body. Even the 
most casual observer has noted that some- 
