APPLE DISEASES 
times the branches on one side of the 
tree are healthy, while on the other side 
they are diseased. Invariably the dis- 
eased branches can be traced to diseased 
roots on the same side, unless the injury 
is above the ground. 
On the high lands I sometimes found a 
lack of water. Under these conditions 
rosette could not have been caused by 
too much water, seepage, water-logging, 
or drowning the root hairs. 
In these orchards I found that gen- 
erally the rosetted trees had crown gall, 
nematode gall, aphis, the roots had been 
t 
Cees 
Bud Showing Origin of 
Leaves. z; rudiment’ of 
axillary bud (x 10). If, as in the case of 
rosette, this bud failed to elongate the leaves 
would appear in a bunch or “rosette’’ instead 
of being distributed along the branch at in- 
tervals of several ‘inches. 
From Strasburger’s Lehrbuch der Botanik ; 
Ency. Brit. 
injured by gophers, farm machinery and 
sometimes all of these combined. Some- 
times the roots were struggling to get 
their food from scab land or hard pan, 
and were stunted or malformed. One- 
year-old nursery stock is sometimes in- 
jured by gophers or woolly aphis, and 
rosette appears. Again, the graft some- 
times fails properly to unite, gall forms 
at the union and rosette appears. 
Terminal 
leaf rudiment; g, 
Fig. 2. 
In Montana 
In Montana in the Bitter Root valley 
is an orchard to which M. L. Dean, 
481 
State Horticulturist, called my attention. 
In this orchard was 75 per cent of ro- 
setted trees. It had been neglected, field 
mice and gophers had so injured the 
roots that many of the trees had been 
bridge grafted to keep them from dying. 
In this case the dominant cause seemed 
to be injury from gophers and field mice. 
In other orchards in the same valley ro- 
sette was evidently caused by seepage 
water from the mountains. In other 
places it was evident that alkali was the 
cause. 
In Utah 
In Utah I found peculiar conditions. 
The fruit-growing sections of Utah are 
mainly in the interior parts of the state. 
These interior parts are surrounded by 
mountains and hills that drain into lakes 
in the interior basin. This basin was 
once a lake of water, several hundred 
feet in depth, and its outlet was toward 
the Snake river and from that into the 
Columbia. In the process of the ages, 
the waters cut down to a rock barrier 
and the lake had no outlet. Gradually 
the waters sank away into the earth un- 
til a hard pan was formed which held 
them. Now these waters are not perco- 
lating through the soil and sinking away 
to any considerable degree, but their only 
escape is by the process of evaporation. 
The drainage system from the mountains 
pours into these lakes and _ the water 
rises and falls with the floods and drouth 
or the melting snows in the mountains, 
and the degrees of heat that increase 
evaporation. 
The soils of Utah have a strong ad- 
mixture of salt, sulphur, alum, alkali and 
other minerals. The Great Salt lake is 
so strong in these substances that scarce- 
ly any form of vegetable or animal life 
can exist in its waters. In the early 
days farms were established and orch- 
ards planted so near these waters that 
the rise and fall of the water table de- 
stroyed the roots. Then too, the water 
table is slowly rising, for the evaporation 
from the lakes is not equal to the waters 
drained into them and the waters are 
slowly encroaching upon farms that were 
once fruitful. Much the larger part of 
