APPLE DISEASES 
factory methods of application. Only good 
material should be used, and the follow- 
ing of the directions for making the solu- 
tion is important. The foliage must be 
thoroughly covered, but dripping from 
the leaves indicates an excessive or care- 
less application. The nozzles should be of 
a kind adapted to give a very fine spray. 
Nozzles that give good results with insect- 
icides may be entirely unsuited for Bor- 
deaux. The Mistry and Friend’s nozzles 
have given good results. The liquid 
should be applied to the tree as a fine 
mist and never allowed to sprinkle or 
drip from the nozzles. Mistakes are of- 
ten made by trying to spray with insuf- 
Fis... 11. 
Apple Russeted by Bordeaux 
—Charles Brooks 
ficient power. A pressure of 70 pounds 
is essential, and one of 100 pounds or 
over is very desirable.* 
In looking for a solution of the prob- 
lem various kinds and strengths of Bor- 
deaux have been tested. While weaker 
solutions may produce less injury, they 
do not obviate the trouble. The use of 
an excess of lime has had little or no ef- 
fect upon the amount of injury. The 
3-3-50 formula seems to produce as lit- 
tle injury as any, and is most satisfac- 
tory for the majority of apple diseases. 
The patent Bordeauxs which are on the 
* (In the Northwest 200 Ibs. 
a common practice.—Ed. ) 
pressure is 
491 
market have not been shown to be any 
less liable to produce injury than the 
home-made mixtures, and many of them 
have proven quite inefficient in control- 
ling diseases. 
During recent years lime-sulphur solu- 
tions have been rapidly gaining favor 
as fungicides. They seem to be almost 
as effective as Bordeaux in controlling 
diseases and to be less likely to cause 
injury. In the summer of 1909 commer- 
cial, home-made and self-boiled lime-sul- 
phur were used alongside patent and 
home-made Bordeaux. None of the sul- 
phur mixtures caused injury, while none 
of the Bordeauxs failed to do so. Re- 
cent experiments in other states have 
shown that when sprayings are followed 
by excessively hot dry weather the lime- 
sulphur is more likely to cause injury 
than Bordeaux. Probably the strongest 
argument against the use of lime-sul- 
phur in New England is that it is very 
soluble in water and in rainy seasons 
more frequent applications are likely to 
be required to secure the same efficiency 
as obtained with Bordeaux. 
CHARLES Brooks 
ign Hampshire Experiment Station Bulletin 
ot. 
Stag Horn 
Very frequently apple trees are seen 
with the topmost branches dead and re- 
maining as dry sticks. like antlers pro- 
jecting above the foliage. This condition 
may be due to various unfavorable con- 
ditions, but in New England it is chiefly 
encountered with old trees which have 
long remained unsprayed, unpruned, un- 
cultivated and unfertilized. This allows 
opportunity for wood destroying fungi to 
gain an entrance. Once started their 
growth will eventually destroy the whole 
tree. Severe heading back and clearing 
out of the dead and fungus infested wood 
followed by cultivation and fertilization 
should be resorted to. In some instances 
it may be necessary to top-graft to renew 
the head of the tree. The full results of 
such treatment do not show the first 
year. Great care should be taken not to 
leave wounds through which the spores 
of fungi can gain an entrance to cause 
future decay. W. J. Morse 
