492 
Stigmonose 
This trouble, occurring upon apples and 
pears, is caused by insect punctures. The 
surface of the fruit shows sharp depres- 
sions. Cut through the point of one of 
these pits, the tissue of the flesh shows 
brown and dry following the track of the 
puncture. 
Not serious in the Northwest. 
Storage Rots 
These rots of the apple are extremely 
various, since apples infected before stor- 
age are liable to develop during storage 
the forms of rot due to that infection. 
Even bitter rot may not be overlooked in 
this way and much more commonly still, 
black rot and the rots which develop 
from the gradual invasion of molds. It 
is found, furthermore, that bruises upon 
the apple or any tendency to sun scald 
phenomena give dead tissues in which 
various saprophytic organisms that nor- 
mally hasten decay will do their work 
with rapidity. Itis understood, of course, 
that the temperatures of storage will reg- 
ulate or control more or less perfectly 
the rate of this development. Storage 
scalding of apples is much worse in some 
varieties, notably in York Imperial, than 
in the normal toughened skin types. At 
present, one can only suggest the rejec- 
tion of those sorts susceptible to scald 
for cold storage keeping. 
Sun Seald, Collar Rot 
There is frequent complaint of the 
dying of the trunk of both younger and 
older apple trees wherein there appears to 
be associated the exposure to sun and 
the death of the bark of the trunk upon 
younger orchard trees. The freezing in- 
jury has been carefully worked out in re- 
cent years with several varieties of 
apples, notably the Grimes and King. This 
trouble is so serious as to reduce the 
growth of these sorts; while Murrill has 
suggested a connection between a fleshy 
fungus and this dying of the trunks of 
the King, the connection has not been 
proved. The injuries which occur on the 
south and southwest exposures of the 
trunk have probably a direct connection 
with the danger from freezing injuries. 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
Some apparent sun scald is more prob- 
ably due to the bacterium of pear blight 
as has been recently proved by cultures 
from young trees by Waite. With Grimes 
and other varieties susceptible to collar 
rot caused by the bacterium of pear blight 
the only true relief is found by top work- 
ing on some vigorous sort, such as Balq- 
win, Gano, and like varieties. In the 
case of true sun scald the effect of freez.- 
ing is to form an ice layer and thus sepa- 
rate the bark or, in the case of many 
water-gorged cells, to kill the sap layer 
For further discussion in this line gee 
winter injury. 
See Collar Rot. 
Sun Sceald on Fruit 
Accompanied by hardening and crack- 
ing of skin and tissues of the apple. 
Sometimes following spraying during hot 
weather, but by no means always true. 
Syncarpy 
Double or triple fruits caused by the 
fusion of two or more separate lateral 
blossom buds. The variation occurs but 
rarely and is not pathological. 
Twig Blight 
This disease of the apple, caused by 
the bacterium of pear blight (Bacillus 
amylovorus Burr.), is often very preva- 
lent. The microbe enters through the 
blossoms, being propagated in the nectar 
after infection by insect visitation It 
destroys the blossoms as well as small 
twigs of the tree. Beyond the injuries 
just noted this microbe may gain en- 
trance through the bark. 
See Sun Scald. 
Remedy 
The prevention will lie in the destruc- 
tion of all the blighted parts on apple, 
crabapple, pear and quince trees in the 
vicinity. For fuller discussion see pear 
blight. In substance, this treatment con- 
sists in cutting out all blighted portions 
in fall and early winter and burning them 
to kill the resting forms of the microbe. 
Variegated Foliage 
Occurs rarely. The leaves of a branch 
or section of a tree and occasionally the 
