APPLE DISEASES 495 
Showed water core, while an adjacent 
orchard on the same type of soil, with 
the same varieties of apples, but not ir- 
rigated, showed not over 5 per cent of the 
fruit affected. Another case was noted 
where an orchard was severely pruned 
during the latter part of August, expos- 
ing most of the fruit. In this orchard, 
nearly all of the fruit became water-cored, 
while an adjacent orchard growing under 
the same conditions, but unpruned, had 
very little water core. Another orchard 
where one-half the trees were pruned, as 
above, showed 90 per cent water core in 
the part pruned, while the unpruned 
trees did not show more than 5 per cent. 
As has been stated before, water core 
is more liable to occur in exposed fruits, 
especially those far out on the terminals 
and those on the south or southwest parts 
of the tree. In order to prove that this 
is universally true, I had a large number 
of boxes of fruit picked from the south 
and southwest parts of trees by pickers 
who did not know my purpose. I also 
had fruit picked from the unexposed 
parts of trees. In the former case, fully 
90 per cent of the fruit showed water 
core, while less than 5 per cent were 
found to be water-cored in the latter 
case. This proved to be a very important 
matter in the segregation of water-cored 
fruits preparatory to boxing for ship- 
ment. 
The examination of water-cored fruit 
shows that it is water-cored in proportion 
to its exposure to extremes of tempera- 
ture and humidity. The side or part of 
an apple presented to the direct action of 
the sun’s rays will show more water- 
soaked tissue than the part not so ex- 
posed. In the orchard, or even with the 
fruit in the boxes, the careful observer 
may pick out the water-cored fruit, al- 
though no evidence of water-soaked tis- 
sue may be seen. Usually, water-cored 
apples have a much higher color than 
those not affected. In the Newtown, a 
yellow variety, a blush or colored cheek 
usually indicates a water-cored fruit. A 
normal Newtown should be green when 
picked. Water core is much more easily 
detected in yellow than in red varieties 
of apples. 
In both sections of the fruit the parts 
marked v are vascular bundles, which 
are ten in number. It will be noted in 
the cross section that the upper bundles 
show smaller areas of water-soaked tis- 
sue than the lower bundles which have 
rather large areas surrounding them 
showing a water-soaked appearance. In 
the region marked c of the cross section 
there are large areas of water-cored tis- 
sue, the injury extending outward to the 
epidermis. The water-soaked area is on 
the side of the fruit presented to the 
direct rays of the sun, while the upper 
Fig. 1. Longitudinal and Cross 
Section of Newtown Apple Affected with Water Core 
