496 
side, showing practically no water core, 
is on the side away from the sun. The 
cracked carpel with its hairy growths is 
shown at w. It is best seen in the lon- 
gitudinal section, which also shows very 
plainly the connection of the vascular 
strands marked v with the stem. This 
fruit was taken from a terminal on the 
southwest side of a vigorous ten-year-old 
Newtown tree, and did not outwardly 
show water core. 
Under proper storage conditions, water- 
cored fruit, unless badly affected, will en- 
tirely recover. This will be the case 
where no liquid fills the seed cavities and 
if the fruit is placed in a cool, even-tem- 
peratured place (not cold storage). The 
fact that water-cored fruit will become 
normal, the water soaked spots entirely 
disappearing under proper storage con- 
ditions, demonstrates the non-parasitic 
nature of the trouble. As soon as it is 
found that apples are becoming water- 
cored, they should be immediately picked 
and placed in proper storage. If allowed 
to remain on the trees until liquid fills 
the seed cavities, ultimate recovery is 
almost impossible. Besides, various or- 
ganisms gain access to the fruit and com- 
plete its destruction. 
*In an experiment, 1,000 boxes of New- 
town apples showing fully 90 per cent 
water core were stored for about three 
weeks. The percentage of water core was 
carefully determined before putting the 
fruit into storage. As far as possible 
all fruits very badly water-cored and 
evidently having the seed cavities filled 
with liquid were not put into storage, At 
the end of three weeks the fruit was 
again examined and showed scarcely 1 
per cent water core. The only cases not 
fully recovering were those in which the 
seed cavities had become filled with liquid, 
and in which fermentative processes had 
been set wp. 
MEDFORD, OREGON. 
* During the fall and winter of 1912-13 the 
Richey-Gilbert Co. stored 10,000 boxes of water- 
cored apples, grown in the Yakima Valley. 
They were removed late in the storage season 
with a loss of only 0.3 per cent. Mr. Gilbert 
states: “TI think it can be announced with 
Some certainty that water core does not mean 
ruin to the apples.”—Hd. 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
Important References Bearing on 
Water Core 
1. Handbuch Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1:149. 
1886, Sorauer. 
2. Handbuch Pflanzenkrankheiten, 
Edition, 1909, Sorauer. 
3. Zeitschr. Pflanzenkrankheiten, 5:8. 
1895, Aderhold. 
4, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:600. 
Prillieux. 
5. Bulletin No. 39:61. 1892, Purdue Uni- 
versity, Agri. Exp. Sta. 
6. Report Canada Exp. Farms for 1896: 
172. 
7, Bull. No. 214:374. 
Exp. Sta. 
8. Bulletin No. 235, 1903, N. Y. Agri- 
Exp. Station. 
9. Bulletin No. 61, 1893, Cornell Univ. 
Exp. Station. 
10. Bulletin No. 94, 1905. Bureau of 
Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agri. 
11. Technical Bulletin 1, 1909. Transvaal 
Dept. Agri. 
12. Country Gentleman 68: 1084, 1908. 
ord, 
1896, 
1910, Ohio Agri, 
13. Phytopathology, Vol. 1, No. 4; 126, 
1911, Norton. 
14. Bulletin No. 9, 1912. Office of the 
Pathologist for Rogue River Valley, 
Medford, Oregon. 
Winter DesiccaTIon. See Rosette. 
Winter Injury 
Also Called Sun Scald 
There are a number of evidences of in- 
jury which involve the trunks of apple 
trees of all sizes; they are many times 
due to freezing injury; while this name 
winter injury appears at the beginning 
of the paragraph, and while the name 
sun scald has been applied for a long 
time to similar conditions, the injuries 
are directly due to freezing, sometimes 
occurring in winter and sometimes due 
to premature low temperatures when the 
trees are gorged with water (sap) and 
there is stimulus to excessive water ab- 
sorption and no tendency to hasten rip- 
ening of tissues through water loss and 
reduced water content such as occur in 
dry autumn periods. It is evident that 
where we have such excessive water sup- 
ply in the inner bark and in the process 
of freezing, a layer of ice crystals is 
