APPLE PESTS 
ing especially young apple trees, thus 
dwarfing them. The work is particularly 
on the leaves. Besides the apple it feeds 
upon currant, gooseberry, blackberry, 
pear, cherry, plum, thorn-apple, black 
walnut, grapes, cottonwood, elm, birch, 
maple, box-elder, hazel, choke-cherry, 
sumach, oak, syringa, snowball, canaigre, 
basswood, buckthorn, rose, buckeye, corn, 
beans, potatoes, sugar beet, clover, 
grasses, buckwheat, dahlia, rhubarb, 
hemp, alfalfa, oats, celery and hollyhock. 
Without doubt other plants are also at- 
tacked. 
Control 
The difficulty of control] lies in the im- 
possibility of killing the eggs without in- 
juring the young trees. Successive spray- 
ings with the oil emulsions, whale oil 
soap solution of one pound to eight gal- 
lons of water, or tobacco decoctions, as 
often as the young become apparent, will 
prevent serious attacks and hold the pest 
in subjection. Affected nursery stock 
should be thoroughly dipped in such 
solutions before shipping. To prevent at- 
tacks nurseries should not be located 
near orchards or fields in which the 
hopper breeds. All food plants should be 
kept out of the nursery. Sticky shields 
and hopperdozers may be used with good 
effect. 
Natural Enemies 
The most effective natural enemy is the 
small dark bug (Zriphleps insidiosus 
say), which preys upon the nymphs by 
puncturing their bodies and extracting 
the contents. 
The larvae of the green lacewings also 
prey upon the young hoppers. 
E. O. Essie 
Apple Leaf Sewer 
Ancylis nubeculana 
The caterpillars of the apple leaf sewer 
fold the edges of the leaves together, 
commencing to feed inside the folded 
leaf sometime in July and continuing 
therein until the leaves fall in autumn. 
The larvae is greenish-yellow, with a 
yellow head and a horny plate of darker 
color just back of the head. On each 
Side of the plate is a black dot. On each 
503 
of the remaining segments are a number 
of pale, shining, raised dots, from each 
of which springs a single hair. When 
full grown, the larvae line their nests 
with silk and fall to the ground, remain- 
ing in the caterpillar stage until next 
spring. Sometimes the insect becomes 
sufficiently numerous to cause serious 
damage to the foliage The summer 
Spraying with arsenicals for codling 
worm doubtless kills many Collecting 
and burning the fallen leaves and other 
rubbish is an excellent measure. 
Apple Leaf Skeletonizer 
Canarsia hammondi 
Nursery trees and sometimes young 
trees recently transplanted from the 
nursery are badly gnawed some seasons 
by a brown larva, becoming finally about 
one-half inch long, living, often a number 
together, in the grooves above the mid- 
ribs of the leaves under a light silken 
web. Sometimes it draws several leaves 
together and lives concealed among them. 
This insect feeds upon green substance 
of the leaves only, leaving finally only 
the veins and veinlets, the foliage at a 
distance then appearing as if scorched 
by fire. Whole blocks of young trees in 
the nursery may become thus injured. 
In the orchard it is less often seen, and 
then appears most frequently on rather 
young trees. 
This insect is well known in the upper 
Mississippi valley from its injuries to 
apple trees, but eastward appears to be 
less well known. 
The larva reaches one-half inch in 
length and may be recognized by four 
round black dots back of the head. The 
moth is slate gray, measuring about a 
half inch from tip to tip. Paris green 
or arsenate of lead in good season will 
kill them. 
H. GARMAN 
Apple Maggot or “Railroad Worm” 
Rhagoletis (Tryeta) pomonella Walsh 
The apple maggot, as the name implies, 
is the larva of a fly or dipterous insect, 
and belongs to the family Trypetide, 
which group contains numerous other 
fruit-infesting maggots, some of them 
