504 
very serious pests, and, from their struc- 
ture, mode of life, and feeding habits, 
very difficult of control. Apples injured 
or “railroaded” by the apple maggot show 
discolored winding burrows, or tracks, 
and cavities here and there in the flesh, 
and when infested with several larvae 
the pulp will be usually quite honey- 
combed with their burrows and more or 
less broken down into a yellowish mass, 
merely held together by the skin. 
Fig. 1. 
Plies of the Apple Maggot 
a, Male; b, female—enlarged. 
Distribution 
The apple maggot is a native Ameri- 
can species, its natural food being haws 
(Crategus), and in at least one instance 
it has been bred from crabapples. Its 
feeding upon cultivated apples is thus an 
acquired habit, and although the insect 
has been reported from widely separated 
points in the Central and Eastern states, 
indicating its possible general distribu- 
tion, for some reason it does not attack 
the apple throughout its range, but only 
in certain localities and portions of the 
country. Of apples, sweet and sub-acid 
summer varieties are worst attacked, but 
fall and winter sorts are also infested, 
including distinctly acid varieties. 
Preventive Measures 
The apple maggot has proved to be an 
unusually troublesome insect to combat 
successfully. The eggs are deposited be- 
neath the skin of the fruit, within which 
also the larva feeds until full grown. The 
pupal stage is passed just under the soil, 
or around the roots of grass in sod land, 
and the flies do not feed in a way to per- 
mit of their destruction. Spraying with 
arsenicals, so effective against the codling 
moth or apple worm, is for this pest 
quite useless, 
The insect, however, may be attacked 
in two important ways. As stated, the 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
larvae do not leave the fruit unti] the 
latter has ripened and fallen to the 
ground. The prompt gathering anq de- 
struction of the windtalls, before they 
are deserted by the maggots, would serve 
to keep the insects greatly reduced, 
amounting to practical extermination if 
thoroughly carried out. This practice 
has long been recommended by entomo- 
logists, and comprises the most effective 
measure of controlling the pest at present 
known. 
A. L. QUAINTANCE, 
Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 101 
Apple Tree Measuring Worm 
Ennomos subsignarius 
Two brown or black looping caterpil- 
lars occurring on apple trees are not al- 
ways discriminated by fruit growers, 
who speak of both as canker worms. The 
species here treated is sometimes very 
common and may defoliate whole or- 
chards at times, but its larvae is so much 
like that of the true canker worm that 
one might be excused for failing to rec- 
ognize the differences. The adult moths, 
however, are very different, though the 
insects are members of the same family. 
They are leaf feeders and so may be con- 
trolled by arsenical sprays. 
Apple Red Bug and False Apple Red Bug 
Heterocordylus malinus Reut. 
Lygidea mandax Reut. 
Two species of red bug have been re- 
ported from New York. These leaf bugs 
are a brilliant tomato red in their imma- 
ture stages. The first appearance of the 
bugs is detected by the red dots on the 
foliage caused by their feeding punctures. 
The eggs are laid in late June or early 
July. The nymphs pass through five 
moults, the wings appearing with the fifth 
moult. 
Injury to the fruit is caused by the 
punctures of the young nymphs while 
feeding upon the small fruit. These 
punctures sometimes reach to the center 
of the apple. Apples thus injured some- 
times fall and those which remain on 
the trees until maturity are spoiled for 
market, on account of their rough, nobby 
