APPLE PESTS 
appearance. Other sucking insects pro- 
duce the same sort of injury. 
Spray with “black leaf 40” diluted one 
to 800, just before the fruit buds burst 
A later spraying, if necessary, may be 
made at the time of the calyx spray for 
the codling moth when the tobacco mix- 
ture may be added to the arsenate of 
lead. 
Apple Seed Chalcis 
Syntomaspis druparum 
Minute black dots in more or less dis- 
tinct depressions of malformed or knotty 
apples may be due to the work of the 
apple seed chalcis. A brownish line of 
hardened corky tissue may extend from 
the spot to the core, if this insect is re- 
sponsible for the mark. Some of the suck- 
ing insects make very similar external 
marks upon the fruit. This insect in- 
fests the seed in the larval stage, the 
initial punclure having been made when 
the fruit was so small that the ovipostor 
of the female could reach through the 
pulp to the young seed. Some injury is 
done to the texture of the pulp and the 
seed will be of no use for planting. Wild 
crabapples and seedlings seem most liable 
to attack. Destruction of all fallen fruit 
in the fall and of wild crabapple trees and 
seedling trees will control the insect 
whenever it becomes sufficiently impor- 
tant to justify such measures. 
H. A. Gossarp, 
Wooster, Ohio. 
Apple Tingis 
Corythucea sp. 
H. EF. Wiison 
An insect which feeds on the under side 
of the leaves of apple and is often mis- 
taken for plant lice is the above insect. 
It is of a shiny black color when viewed 
from below, the wings lie horizontally 
on the body, and the markings upon them 
are such that they appear to be made of 
lace. The winter is passed in the adult 
stage and hibernation takes place in rub- 
bish on the ground. With the appearance 
of warm weather and the spreading of 
the leaves in the spring they leave their 
hibernating quarters and proceed to the 
under side of the leaves where the females 
505 
deposit their eggs. One of these eggs is 
a very interesting and peculiar object, 
being somewhat the shape of a truncated 
cone attached by the base to the ridge of 
the leaf, dull black in color and some- 
what shriveled. When the eggs are ready 
to hatch the smaller end opens and the 
young insect comes forth and feeds on 
the leaf. These young feed, grow, cast 
their skins several times and after atime 
reach the adult stage as described above. 
Two, three, or more generations are thus 
produced quite rapidly. Some years they 
become so abundant as to do considerable 
harm and hundreds may be found on a 
Single leaf. A very characteristic effect 
of their work is the burnt appearance of 
the leaves caused by the punctures made 
by the insects and the withdrawal of sap 
from them. 
Remedies 
This is one of the hardest insects to 
control, due to its seeming great resist- 
ance to insecticides which can be applied 
without burning the leaves. Tobacco 
compounds, such as black leaf, etc., prob- 
ably give the best results, and should be 
applied about the time the young are 
leaving the eggs. By observation only 
can one tell the proper time. Continual 
clean cultivation is by far the best 
remedy. 
Apple Twig Borer 
Amphicerus bicaudatus, Say 
This twig borer is an insect of small 
importance compared to many orchard 
pests, but is often present in apple or- 
chards. It is a cylindrical beetle about 
one-third of an inch in length, of a chest- 
nut brown color above, and black beneath. 
In early spring they bore into the small 
branches of apple, pear and cherry, enter- 
ing just above a bud and working down- 
ward in the pith, evidently for both food 
and shelter. Such twigs soon wither and 
their leaves turn brown. 
The beetles do not remain long in these 
burrows, but leave in search of grape- 
vines or green brier, where their eggs 
are laid and their young reared, in the 
dead or dying shoots. 
Exemption from injury by the twig 
