APPLE PESTS 
the frosts ot early winter, sometimes 
working as late as the end of October. 
The number of eggs deposited by a single 
female exceeds 100, and possibly 200. The 
eggs remain unchanged, or dormant, in 
the twigs until the following spring, 
hatching in May or early in June + * * 
a 
é \ 
Fig 1. The Buffalo Tree Hopper. Female— 
enlarged. (After Marlatt.) 
The eggs of the buffalo tree hopper are 
subject to the attacks of at least two 
minute egg parasites, which often do 
much to keep the insect in check. 
In general characteristics the larvae 
and nymphs resemble the adults, but are 
wingless and covered along the center 
dorsally with numerous forked or barbed 
projections. 
Food Plants 
All kinds of succulent plants such as 
weeds and garden vegetables are fed 
upon, but in this respect the insect is not 
a serious pest. 
Remedies 
The destruction of the insects them- 
Selves is hardly practical. By limiting 
the amount of unnecessary vegetation in 
and about nurseries and orchards, a great 
513 
deal can be done toward keeping down 
the insect in the larval and pupal stages. 
Pruning out and burning the infested 
twigs will also materially decrease their 
numbers. Clean cultivation will probably 
do more than all other precautions, 
Canker Worm 
Notolopus sp. 
H. F. WILson 
In the early spring, after the apple 
leaf buds have opened, we often find 
numbers of little darkish colored measur- 
ing worms, which feed on the leaves. 
These are called canker worms and are 
apparently different from our Eastern 
canker worms. The eggs of this insect 
are deposited on the trunks and leaves 
and hatch in the spring. When first 
hatched the larvae are very small and 
such feeding as they do is not apparent. 
As they increase in size the entire leaf, 
with the exception of the midrib and 
larger veins, is devoured. About four 
weeks after hatching the larvae are full 
fed and then drop to the ground, enter 
to a depth of a few inches and pupate. 
They remain here until late fall or early 
spring, when they change to the adult 
insect. The eggs are deposited in masses 
by wingless moths of sluggish appearance 
that gradually crawl up a small twig, de- 
positing the eggs as they move forward. 
The female moth is brownish in color 
with a slight tinge of gray and measures 
about three-fourths inch in length. The 
male moth has not been observed. As 
the female moth is unable to fly, this 
species is distributed very slowly, and 
since the larvae readily succumb to ar- 
senical poisons, there is very little chance 
for this pest to ever become very serious. 
The same remark would apply to the 
fall canker worms. 
Casebearers 
Coleophora fletcherella 
C. malivorella 
The cigar casebearer (Coleophora 
fletcherella) and the pistol casebearer (C. 
mealivorella), so named from the shape 
of their cases, are insects which may do 
a considerable amount of injury but 
which may be controlled by spraying 
