532 
brown with one opaque dusky band, be- 
ginning at the middle of the anterior 
margin and extending to the inner angle 
of the wing. 
The larvae are pale green to reddish 
brown in color, with a dark brown head 
and a few sparse hairs rising from the 
head and body. The larvae of this in- 
sect should not be mistaken for. that of 
the bud moth, which is a very abundant 
insect in Oregon found working in the 
buds. The larvae of this insect works 
on the leaves. 
Remedies 
Should this insect become abundant at 
any time it may easily be controlled by 
an application of spray as used for the 
codling moth. 
OLEANDER SCALE.—See Ivy Scale, this 
section. 
Oyster Shell Seale 
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. 
H. F. WILson 
Probably as widely distributed as the 
San Jose scale, this insect is the cause of 
much injury to fruit trees throughout the 
United States. 
It is not supposed to be as serious a 
pest as the San Jose scale, but is of con- 
siderable economic importance. Entire 
trees are seldom killed, but oftentimes 
single branches will become so weakened 
from their attack that they will not pro- 
duce fruit and may die, and at times small 
trees become so stunted as to never grow 
into well balanced trees. Besides our fruit 
trees this insect infests a large number 
of shade trees, vines and bush fruits. The 
adult scales measure about one-eighth inch 
in length and are dark brown in color. 
In early spring these may appear grayish 
brown, due to bleaching by the winter 
rains. When present in large numbers 
the scales will overlap and assume vari- 
ous curved shapes. Apparently with the 
beginning of fall the entire abdomen of 
the female develops into eggs and the 
insect itself shrivels up and dies. If 
during the winter one of these scales be 
turned over, 50 to 100 small white oval 
eggs will be exposed to view. 
These eggs hatch about the time the 
blossoms of the apples are falling, and 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
the young crawl from under the scales 
and settle on the bark. The female molts 
twice in her growth according to Quain- 
tance and Marlatt, and in the adult con- 
dition is entirely without legs or eyes, 
and is but a jelly-like mass, capable only 
of extracting sap from the tree and chang- 
ing it into eggs. | 
The adult male undergoes similar 
changes under its scale but later assumes 
ESSIG 
Fig. 1. The Oyster Shell Scale. 
legs, wings and antennae, and emerging 
from under the scale flies about fertilizing 
females. i 
In its distribution from orchard to or- 
chard, nursery stock probably plays the 
most important part, although other in- 
sects, birds, etc., may and do aid in the 
distribution from tree to tree. 
Remedies 
It has been stated that lime sulphur will 
not destroy the egg of this pest but we 
have observed that where this spray is 
consistently used for the San Jose scale 
that the oyster shell scale does not thrive 
and no extra application is needed. No 
doubt but that the eggs are very tenacious 
of life and hard to kill, but we believe 
that the insect can be held in check with 
the above spray. 
Shade trees and low-growing plants, as 
currant, gooseberry, etc., often become so 
badly infested that it seems necessary to 
apply a spray. In such cases kerosene 
