APPLE PESTS 
feelers, and six legs. After emerging 
from under the protecting scale of the 
parent, each wanders over the surface of 
park, fruit or leaf until a Suitable situa- 
tion is found, when the legs and anten- 
nae are folded beneath the body, the 
pristle-like beak is slowly worked 
through the outer bark into the living 
tissues beneath, from which it draws its 
sustenance. At any time during the 
summer months hundreds of these little 
pests may be seen, even with the unaided 
eye, aS they crawl about over the bark or 
fruit of infested trees. With the first 
molt, all appendages, the legs, antennae, 
etc., except the beak, are lost. 
The female scales when mature have 
a more or less circular scale formed of 
a number of concentric rings, which cor- 
respond to the various molts made during 
growth. Under a strong lens these ap- 
pear ash-gray in color with a black pro- 
tuberance or raised spot in the middle. 
Remedies 
In this state lime-sulphur is generally 
used in combating the San Jose scale. 
The recommendations from this station 
have been to spray the trees while dor- 
mant either in the late fall or early 
spring. 
“During the past four years we have 
conclusively demonstrated that the lime- 
sulphur spray, which has long been 
known as the most satisfactory winter 
spray for San Jose scale, has fungicidal 
qualities nearly or quite equal to those 
of Bordeaux. We have also conclusively 
demonstrated that it may be used in com- 
bination with arsenate of lead without 
detracting from the value of either, and 
that when so used it is at once an effici- 
ent contact insecticide, food poison, spray 
and fungicide.” (2) 
We have also demonstrated the fact 
that Black Leaf or “Black Leaf-40” can 
be combined with lime-sulphur, in con- 
trol of plant lice without destroying the 
insecticidal value of the lime-sulphur. 
The most suitable time to get plant lice 
is in the spring, just as the buds are 
turning green. At that time a very large 
(2) <A. B. Cordley and H S. Jackson, Cir 
Bull No. 13, Ore. Agr’l College, 1911. 
539 
percentage of the eggs will have hatched 
and the young lice will not be protected 
by the leaves. The lime-sulphur is equal- 
ly as effective in the control of the scale 
when applied at that time and to a slight 
degree may be effective against the newly 
hatched lice. 
General Recommendations 
It is not necessary to make an applica- 
tion of lime-sulphur for the San Jose 
scale alone. If limesulphur is used at 
any time for the control of apple scab 
or anthracnose, the same application will 
suffice for the control of the scale. 
In regions where neither of the above 
diseases exist, spray with lime-sulphur, 
winter strength, just as the buds are 
opening, and if the plant lice (any spe- 
cies) have been bad during past seasons, 
add “Black Leaf-40” at the rate of 1 part 
to 900 parts of the diluted lime-sulphur 
spray. 
Seurfy Scale 
Chionaspis furfura Fitch 
General Appearance 
The female scale is irregular and 
broadly pear-shaped; from white to light 
gray in color. The exuviae is yellowish 
and from one-eighth to one-tenth of an 
inch in length. The male scale is white, 
very small, long, tricarinated and with 
yellow exuviae at the pointed end. 
Life History 
The winter is passed by the females 
under the scales where the purple or wine- 
colored eggs are laid and hatch in the 
spring shortly after blooming time. The 
young begin at once to cover their bodies 
with a scale. 
This insect is sometimes confused with 
the oyster shell scale, but is broader and 
much lighter in color, having dark red 
eggs, while those of the oyster shell scale 
are yellowish-white. 
Food Plants 
This species attacks many plants, chief 
of which are apple, pear, plum, cherry, 
quince, Japanese quince, currant, moun- 
tain ash, hawthorn, peach, poplar, goose- 
berry, crabapple, chokecherry, black wal- 
nut and elm. 
