542 
with a cement-like substance which is im- 
pervious to water and climatic conditions. 
This gellatinous substance, besides acting 
as a protection to the eggs, is said to 
constitute the first food of the newly 
hatched larvae. The embryonic larvae in 
these eges are nearly full fledged at the 
beginning of winter and usually comeé 
forth from the egg mass early in the 
spring. All of the moths do not emerge 
at the same time, so that we may find 
them laying their eggs until late in the 
fall. The eggs of the late appearing 
moths do not hatch until a correspond- 
ingly late period in the summer, there- 
fore, we may find some caterpillars and 
nests all through the summer. This 
might seem to indicate that there is more 
than one generation a season but such is 
not the case. The adult moths are about 
one inch long and are cream colored with 
indistinct white bands on the wings. 
Natural Enemies 
Like every other species of animal life 
these insects have their natural enemies, 
and large numbers are destroyed each 
season. Few birds feed upon hairy cater- 
nillars, but according to Professor Wash- 
burn, the Brewers’ Blackbird, very com- 
mon in this country, is very fond of the 
pupae, and may be observed tearing open 
the cocoons and feeding on them. They 
are also attacked by a fly, which lays 
eges on the larvae. From these hatch 
minute worms which bore into the in- 
sects and feed on the tissues, thus even- 
tually killing the host. There is a fungus 
disease prevalent in Oregon which is very 
disastrous to the insects under the right 
condition. This is induced by warm wet 
weather when the larvae shrink up and 
die. 
Artificial Methods of Control 
In fruit orchards, spraying with arse- 
nate of lead, as used for the codling moth, 
is usually sufficient. As the egg masses 
remain over the winter on the twigs the 
majority of the nests can be destroyed 
at the time of winter pruning. If these 
nests are not located in the winter and 
the caterpillars form tents in the spring, 
the tents can be burned out with a torch. 
Shade trees may be protected by spraying 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
with arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 ga). 
lons of water. 
Trners.—See Apple Tingis, this Section. 
Trumpet Leaf Miner of the Apple 
Tischeria malifoliella Clemens(?) 
H. F. Wirsow 
This insect is of little economic im 
portance to fruit growers in the North- 
west, but sometimes appears very numer- 
ous on the leaves of apple and is often in- 
quired about. 
Little mines are made in the leaves by 
the larvae, which begin at the point of 
egg deposition and gradually widen out 
in the shape of a trumpet. Completed 
mines vary much in shape and size, but 
will average perhaps in the more typi- 
cal examples one-half inch long by one- 
fourth inch wide. 
The larva is whitish in color with a 
brown head, and measures about one- 
quarter inch in length at the time of pu- 
pation. The adult was originally de- 
scribed as follows: “The head and an- 
tennae shining dark brown, face ocher- 
ous. Fore wings uniform shining dark 
brown with a purplish tinge, slightly 
dusted with pale ocherous citio of the 
general hue. Hind wings dark gray; 
cilia with a rufus tinge.” 
When excessively abundant, as has 
been the case in several localities during 
the past two or three years, the injury 
done by the larvae to the leaves will cause 
many of them to fall prematurely, thus 
interfering with the proper development 
of the fruit and the health of the tree. 
Its control, therefore, becomes a matter 
of importance. This can, perhaps, best be 
accomplished by plowing the orchard in 
the spring, covering as much as possible 
all the fallen leaves and trash, as in the 
former the pupae pass the winter. This 
having been done it is practically certain 
that the moths will not be able to make 
their escape from the soil. This should 
be done not later than the blooming of 
the trees. 
Tussock Moty.—See Western Tussock 
Moth, this section. 
Twie Borer—See Branch and Twig 
Borer, this section. 
