AUSTRALIA—BACTERIA 
ly grown. In South Australia, in addi- 
tion to the apple, pear, peach, apricot, 
plum, orange and lemon, the almond and 
the olive are also largely grown. In 
Western Australia, the apple, orange, 
peach, pear, plum and fig are the sorts 
chiefly grown, while in Tasmania, al- 
563 
though the apple represents four-fifths of 
the area in that state devoted to fruit 
growing, small fruits, such as the currant, 
raspberry, and gooseberry, are very ex- 
tensively grown, and the balance of the 
area is mainly occupied with the pear, 
plum, apricot, peach and cherry. 
Area Under Fruit in the Commonwealth, Year Ending Mareh 31st, 1918 
N 8S. W. Victoria Queensland SA. Wid Tasmania C’wealth 
Fruits ...... 49,389 63,209 8,556 29,905 19,540 30,575 205,174 
Vines—-Wine 8,103 24,579 1,428 25,208 3,01 Lea 2,388 
Vines——Table 3,893 2,624 1,046 2,194 1,891 ar 11,648 
Market garden 9,836 10,414 2,386 2,857 3,664 1,458 30,676 
Melons wee ee 4,174 2,682 6,122 Lae 73 sean 13,662 
Hops .... «=: tone 131 wee 5 wee 1,247 1,383 
Acres . 75,455 103,589 29,538 60,169 28,836 38,280 324,931 
Value of Fruit (English Pounds) in the Commonwealth, Year Ending March 31, 1913 
_ N.S. W. Victoria Queensland § 4. W.A. Tasmania C’wealth 
Fruits (not including 
vines ) .. .... $82,472 880,657 865,177 398,483 210,581 884,877 3,067,147 
Hops ..- cee eee cee aee wae 10,421 . 100 Laue 104,031 114,552 
Pumpkins, melons .. .. 74,805 25,000 61,758 . 5,751 Lae 167,354 
Market gardens ........ 369,069 286,385 64,265 106,786 121,874 12,295 962,535 
1,276,346 1,202,463 491,200 500,269 338,156 501,203 4,311,588 
Raisins and Currants Dried 1912-1913 
Victoria, 12,283,824 acres; New South 
Wales, 494,704 acres; South Australia, 
3,947,776; Western Australia, 176,400 
acres. 
For the statistical year ending March 
31, 1913, there were in the jam manufac- 
turing business 133 factories working in 
the Commonwealth; total number of em- 
ployees was 4,499; the wages paid 
amounted to £275,138. The total value 
of the output reached £1,884,045, and 
the amount of material used was £1,276,- 
180.—From the Fruit World, March 1, 
1914. 
BABYLONIA, IRRIGATION IN. 
tion. 
See Irriga- 
Bacteria 
The subject of bacteria is treated here 
only so far as is necessary to give the 
reader some facts which will enable him 
to understand the references to the sub- 
ject which are made in other parts of the 
work. 
These minute organisms are sometimes 
called microbes, micro-organisms, micro- 
phytes, bacilli, microcci, etc. All of these 
terms are more or less limited in their 
meaning and the term “bacteria” is the 
one in most common use. 
Harly in the history of the subject 
these minute organisms, of which there 
are now known perhaps a quarter of a 
million species, were called by the gen- 
eral name of animaiculae. The term 
implies what was believed to be the case 
that these organisms were animals, but 
the classification was later discovered to 
include plants as well as animals. In the 
unicellular forms it is often impossible 
to determine which is animal and which 
plant and in this discussion it is not im- 
portant to do so. In general, bacteria 
are defined as minute organisms, devoid 
of chlorophyl, unicellular, spherical, ob- 
long, cylindrical or filamentous, and mul- 
tiplying by division. 
Distribution 
Bacteria exist practically everywhere; 
in ponds, ditches, streams, seas, refuse, 
meat, milk, beer, fruits, vegetables, soils, 
and enter into all putrifactive processes. 
Nitrifying Baeteria 
The bacteria in which the farmer is 
most interested are the various soil bac- 
teria and the nitrifying or nitrogen gath- 
ering bacteria in particular. It has been 
