580 
got is known to have been recently, nor 
in fact should they be planted in very 
close proximity to a recent outbreak. 
R. H. Pettit, 
East Lansing, Mich. 
TWELVE SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See 
Cucumber. 
Beans, VetveT. See Apple Orchard 
Cover Crop. 
Bees 
Before discussing the subject of bees 
in the orchard, we will describe briefly 
the nature of bees in general; because it 
is only when we understand them that we 
are prepared to appreciate their relations 
to things affected by them. 
Bees, like most animals and plants, are 
divided into families, species and vari- 
eties. Of the bees there are two distinct- 
ive families. The first is called, scien- 
tifically, Andrenidea, or Solitary Bees, 
having the underlip flattened and very 
short. The second is called Apidae, and 
are social in their instincts. The Andre- 
nidea excavate nests in the turf, the grass 
and other substances in the fields, even 
making a deep pipe or hole with short 
lateral galleries in which the grub feeds 
and grows. These bees entertain guest 
bees called Nomada, so called because 
they lay their eggs in the nests of the 
Andrenidea where the young are hatched 
and share the food of their hosts as vis- 
itors share the food of friends. Here the 
adults seem to live harmoniously together, 
grow their young and sustain relations 
which seem more like a partnership than 
a case of parasitism. 
The Apidae includes the Bumble Bee, 
the Carpenter Bee, Stingless Bees, and 
Honey Bees. The Bombus, or Bumble Bee, 
are familiar to all American boys, espe- 
cially those who have lived in the coun- 
try in the Middle or Eastern states. Up- 
wards of fifty species of this bee inhabit 
North America; there are very few in 
South America, and none in Africa south 
of the Sahara, or in Australia: while 
they are the only bee inhabiting the 
Arctic and Alpine regions. This bee is 
sometimes called the Humble bee, and is 
recognized by its large, thick, hairy body 
and deep bass hum. The colonies of 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
Bumble bees are not numerous as com- 
pared with those of the Honey bee, but 
they are more vicious and the sting is 
very severe. Their colonies are not large, 
perhaps not more than one-tenth the size 
of the colonies of the Honey bee. In 
good weather and when the flowers are 
abundant they collect honey and store in 
the cells from which the young 
hatched. 
The Carpenter bee, called in science 
Aylocopa-virginica, is called the Carpenter 
bee because it bores in the wood of dead 
trunks of trees, lumber, and sometimes in 
buildings. It is a large black bee, as 
large as the Bumble bee or sometimes 
larger. It bores horizontally across the 
grain of the wood, then turns and runs 
sometimes from one to two feet at right 
angles. When the cells are completed 
they are supplied with pollen and sepa. 
rated from each other by sawdust or dust 
which the bees formed in making the 
cells, and this dust is glued together with 
a wax which they supply. When the cells 
are finished an egg is deposited in each 
cell; when the egg is hatched the larvae 
feed on the pollen until they are able to 
bore their way out of the cell. <A Car. 
penter bee will sometimes use the same 
home for several hatchings, and the place 
is often occupied by other bees. 
The Stingless bee is sometimes called 
Melipona. 
The Honey bee is called Apis Melifica. 
The leading feature in the natural his- 
tory of bees, and one which distinguishes 
them from all other insects is their singu- 
lar distribution into three different kinds, 
constituting, to all appearances, so many 
modifications of sex. The drone, which 
has a thick body, a round head, a more 
flattened shape, and a more obtusely ter- 
minated abdomen, within which are con- 
tained the male organs of generation, is 
undoubtedly the male of the species. It 
is distinguished also by the absence of a 
sting and by the humming noise that ac- 
companies its flight. The queen bee has 
a sting, has a larger abdomen than the 
others, and is larger and more graceful. 
Her work is to lay the eggs for the new 
colony or generation. The worker bees 
are small, having a long proboscis, used 
were 
