SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS 



The distinguishing characters are selected with special reference to the 

 trees and shrubs described in this work. 



Mrst Glass. ANGIOSPERMS. 



Flowers bisexual or unisexual, as a rule with perianth, consisting of one or 

 several whorls of leaves, free or connate (calyx and corolla). Ovules enclosed 

 in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen-tube growing towards them through the 

 tissue of stigma and style. Seeds enclosed in the fruit, embryo straight 

 or curved, with or without endosperm. 



First Sub-Class. DICOTYLEDONS. 



The stem consists of pith, wood, bast and bark, which form concentric 

 cylinders, wood and bast being separated in the growing stem by a continuous 

 layer of long soft cells (cambium), which are transformed into new wood on 

 the outside of the wood cylinder, and into new bast on the inside of the hollow 

 bast cylinder. The wood consists of wood-fibres, vessels, wood -parenchyma and 

 medullary rays. Many climbers have anomalous structure, also the erect woody 

 species of Fhcmbaginacecp, Nyctaginacem^ Amarantacecp and ChenopodlacecB 

 and a few trees of other orders : Coccidus later If olhis^ Dalbergia ixiniciilata^ 

 most Combretacece, Stryclmos, and the non-Indian Drimys, Leaves net- 

 veined. Parts of perianth, calyx or corolla usually in fours or fives. Embryo 

 with two cotyledons which, when the seed germinates, are as a rule raised 

 above ground (in Garcinia^ OcJiTocarptis and Mesiia the embryo consists of a 

 homogeneous fleshy mass), 



I. POLYPETAL^E. 



Flowers in the majority of species bisexual, as a rule with both calyx and 

 corolla, the corolla consisting of distinct petals. 



A. THALAMIFLORiE (including Disciflorm). 



Sepals in the majority of cases distinct, petals and stamens hypogynous, 

 ovary free. A well-developed disk in Orders 13 Tamaricacem^ 25 Rutaceoi^ 

 26 SimarubacecBj 43 Moringacem, in Orders 28-32, 34-41 and in a few genera 

 of 7 CapparidacecBj 10 Bixaeece and 21 Tiliaeece, 



1. Banunculacem^ p. 1. Sepals deciduous, of tea petaloid. Stamens oo, anthers adnate, 

 longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels numerous, free, l-celled. 



2. Dillenimece, p. 3. L. alternate, simple, pennmerved, petioles sheathing, Fl. large, 

 white or yellow. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent, petals 5, caducous. Carpels one or 

 many, more or less cohering, styles free. 



3. MagnoUacem, p. 5. L. alternate, simple, most genera with convolute deciduous 

 stipules. Sepals and petalsalike, in whorls of three, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens 8, 

 anthers basifixed. Carpels numerous, usually distinct, generally on an elongated 

 torus. Embryo minute, endosperm uniform. 



XXV 



