Betula] CVI. BETULAOEJE 623 



witli 3 diandrous fl. on tbe midrib, perianth of 4 liairy linear 1. ? spikes panicled, 

 nuts with a wing mncli broader than nut, bracts in fr. membranous, narrower than 

 the wings of the nut, with 2 obtuse or acute teeth or short lobes. 



Gamble, List ed. ii. 79 and Indian Timbers ed. ii. 669, mentions B. cylindrostachys, 

 Gamble, as a distinct low level species : Darjeeling hills from the Terai to 6,000 ft. A 

 large tree, 80 to 100 ft. high, bark peeling off in large vertical flakes, wood red, hard^ 

 seasons well, heavier than B. ainoides. This species merits careful study. 



2. ALNUS, G^rtn. ; FL Brit. Ind. v. 600. 



Pith similar to Behcla, med. rays in most species of two classes, a few- 

 compound with numerous narrow rays. L. on the underside often with tufts 

 of hairs in the axils of the sec. n. ^ catkins pendulous, usually 12 stamens 

 in the axil of a membranous bract, more or less distinctly arranged in 3 

 tetrandrous fl., the stamens opposite to the 4 1. of tlie perianth, filaments 

 usually short, anther-cells distinct or more or less connate, $ spikes short 

 erect, 2 ovaries in the axil of the bract, each ovary with 2 bracteoles. Fruit 

 a small cone, bracts and bracteoles coalescing and becoming woody, covering 

 the small crustaceous 1-seeded nuts. Species 15, Northern temperate zone. 



1. A. nepalensis, Don; Wall. PL As. Bar. t. 131. Vern. Fiah^ Chamba; Kunfz, Xi^ 

 Nexon^ Bash. ; Kunis, Garhw. •, Ufis, Knmaon, Nepal. Himalaya 3-9,000 ft., from the- 

 Ravi eastwards. Khasi hills. Upper Burma 6,000 ft. Yunnan. A large tree, bark 

 smooth, silvery-grey, branchlets glabrous. L. elliptic, entii'e or slightly denticulate, 

 blade 3-8, pet. ^-1 in., sec. n. 10-18 pair. Anther-cells connate. Cones nearly cylindric, 

 ^-1 in. long, in lateral panicles. Nut with a narrow somewhat irregular membranous 

 wing. 2. A. nitida, Endl. ; Brandis F. Fl. t. 57. Yern. ShardI, Haz. ; Kois-Ji, Kulu ; 

 Kunsh, Bash. ; Utis, Ku7iis, Hind. North-West Himalaya, extending eastwards to the 

 Jumna, usually at low elevations, fringing the banks of rivers, not uncommonly 

 descending with them some distance into the plains, in places, however, ascending to 

 9,000 ft. On the Sutlej common in the dry region of Kunawar as far as Spui on the 

 right and Namgia on the left bank. A 1 arge tree, bark blackish, with thin quadrangular 

 scales, branchlets and petioles pubescent. L. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, 

 entire or obscurely crenate, blade 4-6, pet. 1 in. Anther-cells nearly distinct. Cones 

 |-1| in. long, three to five in erect lateral racemes, nut with a narrow thickened edge^ 



3. CARPINUS, Tourn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 625. 



Pith oblong, usually 6-sided, leaf -buds elongated, protected by imbricating 

 scales, 1. membranous, serrate. $ catkins lateral, sessile, drooping. In the 

 axil of a broad-ovate scale 3-G stamens on short filaments, anther-cells distinct, 

 shortly stipitate. $ spikes terminal, pairs of fl. in the axils of deciduous 

 bracts, each fl. supported by a persistent often 3-lobed inner bract or involucre^ 

 which in fr. is muck enlarged, prominently veined and reticulate. Perianth 

 adnate to ovary, limb dentate. Species 12, Northern hemisphere. 



1. 0. viminea, Wall. PL As. E-ar. 1. 106. Yern. LoUi, Kosk, Bash. ; Kangei, Shinroij 

 Bliangri^ Jaunsar; Fhamnai^ Kumaon. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft., from the Chenab east- 

 wards. Khasi hills. Mogok, Upper Burma, 4,000 ft. Hills between Sitang and 

 Salween rivers, 3,500-6,000 ft., common near streams on the Upper Yunzalin (D. B. 

 March 1880). Yunnan. A moderate-sized tree, stems fluted, bark of young trees 

 whitish, smooth, of old trees grey with darker streaks, branches verrucose. L. glabrous^ 

 ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, the serratures serrulate on the outside, blade 3-5, 

 pet. slender, often hairy, J-J in., sec. n. 10-12 pair, c? bracts ribbed, shining, but 

 ciliate along the edge, anther-cells with a tuft of long hairs at the tip. Fruiting 

 bracts lanceolate, imequal-sided, more or less serrate, often with a lobe near base. 2. 

 C. faginea, Lindl. ; Brandis F. Fl. t. 66. On the Bias, 4-5,500 ft. in the Sutlej, Upper 

 Tons and Eupin valleys, 6-7,000 ft. Kumaon. Bhutan.— China. A moderate-sized 

 tree, branchlets, young 1. and petioles clothed with soft silky hairs, 1. thinly mem- 

 branous elongate-elliptic, acuminate, serratures cuspidate, blade 3-5, pet. J-J in., 

 sec. n. 12-16 pair. Fruiting bracts thinly membranous, serrate, very uneq[ual-sided, 

 almost falcate, basal nerves 5-9. 



