690 OXIV. CONIFERiE [Pinus 



2-2. I in., seed \ in. long, wing obliquely trnncatej about 3 times tbe length of 

 seed, cotyledons usually 9. 



Kuraiii valley 8-11,000 ft. Safed Ivoli. Kaiiristaii. Himalaya, also in some of the 

 more arid valleys, such as Lahaul, Kunawar. Eastwards as far as Nepal, not in Central 

 and North- West Kumaon nor (indigenous) in Sikkim, but (in alpibus altissimis, 

 Wallich) in Bhutan. — Afghanistan. The original home of this tree is at high eleva- 

 tions up to 12,500 ft,, where it forms extensive forests with the Himalayan Spruce 

 and Silver Fir. As the seed comes up in open ;grass-lands without shelter and as it is 

 readily carried about by the wind, there is abundant second growth of it at lower 

 elevations down to 5,000 ft. Wherever the trees grow at lower elevations the shoots 

 are very luxuriant, often bent and irregular. The leaves remain 3-4 years on 

 the branches. Fl. April-June, the cones ripen in the autumn of the second year. 

 P. Peuce^ Griseb., mountains of Montenegro and Macedonia is closely allied. 



B. Leaves in clusters of three ; cones ovoid or ovoid-conical, scales much 

 thickened at the apex. 



2. P. longifolia, Eoxb. ; Eoyle 111. t. 85 ; Griff. Ic. PL Asiat. t. 369, 370; 

 Collett, Simla Flora 486 fig. 158. Vern. Qhil^ Chh% Hind. ; Shti, Bash ; 

 Sarol, Sirlij Jaunsar ; Dhup, Nep. ; Nijitj Lepcha. 



A tall eminently gregarious tree, branches symmetrically whorled, high up 

 the trunk, forming a rounded head of light foliage. Bark 1-2 in. thick, cut 

 "by deep fissures into large plates. Leaves 9-15 in. long, slender, nearly 

 triquetrous, sheath ^-1 in. long, greyish- brown, fimbriate, persistent. Male 

 catkins h in. long, cones on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, solitary 

 or in whorls of 2-5, 4-8 in. long, diam. 3-5 in., scales 1-2 by 'J in., beak 

 thick, pyramidal, pointed and somewhat recurved. Seeds J in. locg, wing 

 thin membranous, rather longer than seed. Cotyledons about 12. 



Subhimalayan tract and outer Himalaya. Abundant as far east as Nepal, forming 

 extensive pine forests 1,500 to 6,500, occasionally to 7,500 ft. Not in the inner and 

 valleys, on the Sutlej its upper limit is at Wangtu. Furtber eastwards less common, 

 in Sikkim usually on dry southern slopes between 1,000 and 3,000 ft. on the north side 

 of the G-reat Ranjit and Tista rivers, often mixed with Sal. It is supposed (see Gramble, 

 Darjeeling List ed. ii. 83) that the rainfall in the subhimalayan tract here is too 

 heavy for this species. Fl. Febr.-April, there is some uncertainty whether the cones 

 require 15 or 29 months to ripen. The leaves remain 2-3 years on the branches. 



3. P. Khasya, Eoyle* ; Griff. Ic. PL As. tt. 367, 368. Vern. Dingsa, 

 Khasia ; Tiny lo, Burm. ; Shjaj Kar. 



A tall tree, 100-150 ft., branches more or less whorled, bark thick, deeply 

 cracked, resin-ducts numerous in the outer and middle belt of each annual 

 ring. L. 6-10 in. long, slender, back convex, sheath persistent, grey, 

 lacerated at apex. Cones solitary or in pairs, sometimes in threes, ovoid, 

 2-3 in. long, greatest diam. 2 in., beak of scales depressed -pyramidal, with a 

 blunt knob at the end, wings four times the length of seed. 



Khasi and Naga hills. Manipur. Hills on the Upper Chindwin. Shan hills. 

 Mountains on the head waters of the Tunzalin and further north on the watershed 

 between Sitang and Sal ween, 2,500-7,000 ft. Fl. Febr.-March, the cones require 

 2 years to ripen. Cones of several years, also empty cones, x'emain long on the tree. 

 The 1. persist 1-2 years on the branches. P. insularis^ EndL, of the Philippines and P. 

 Yunnanensis^ Frauchet, of Chinaj are veiy similar and possibly not specifieall}' distinct. 



4 P. Gerardiana, Wall. ; Eoyle 111. t. 85, fig. 2 ; Brandis F. M. t. 67. 

 Vern. Chfcjin, Cbitral {Jalghoza^ seed); il//ri, Pangij i^M, Kunawar.— The 

 seed : Neoza. 



A middle-sized tree, branches not whoj-led, bark grey, smooth, thin, peeling 

 off in large flakes, on old trees rough and cracked, foliage dark gx-een. Leaves 

 stiff, 2-4 in. long, back rounded, sheath deciduous. Male catkins J~\ in. 

 long, Oones ovoid-oblong, glaucous when mature, 6-9 in. long, diam. 4-5 in. 



* The name given by Royle to this Pine was Kesiya (Gordon in Gardener's 

 Magazine xvi. 8, 1840). Parlatore (DC. Prod. xvi. 2) called it P, Khmya^ Eoyle. The above 

 name is that adopted ixi the PL of Brit. Ind., and should be : P, Khmyoa, Hook. f. 



