44 OF WOOD IN GENERAL 



Black Austrian, and Cluster Pines of Europe, 

 P. sylvestris, Laricio, and Pinaster, 

 ft Narrower rings. Longleaf Pine of U.S.A., P, 

 falustris ; Dwarf Pine of Europe, P. montdna. 

 (ii) Wood soft and light : transition from spring to 

 autumn wood gradual ; autumn wood narrower and 

 with fewer resin-canals : tracheids of pith-ray without 

 dentate projections. Soft Pmes. 

 *^ Kings rather narrow, circular : resin-ducts very large 



and numerous : wood yellowish. P. Oembra, 

 ** Rings broad : wood redder. Weymouth and Sugar 

 Pines, P. Strohus and P. Lamhertidna of U.S.A. ; and 

 probably the Aleppo Pine, P. halepensis. 



II. LEAF- WOODS, HARD-WOODS, OE POROUS WOODS. 



Pores visible on transverse section, either to the naked eye or 

 when magnified, often characteristically grouped, especially in 

 spring- wood. Pith-rays either all fine or some broad. 



A. Without distinct annual rings, though sometimes with 

 false-rings or partial zones of wood-parenchyma. Mostly 

 tropical. 



1. With false rings, 



a. Some pith-rays broad. Indian Oaks, Quercus lamellosa, etc. 

 h. All pith-rays narrow, 

 (i) Ealse rings very distinct. 



* No distinct heartwood : wood moderately hard and 

 dense, greyish. Banyan, Ficus bengaUnsis, Myro- 

 balans, Termindlia beUrica, and various Asiatic 

 Acacias and other Leguminosce. 

 ** Dark heavy heartwood. U.g. the very hard, tough 

 purplish-brown Jhand, Prosopis spicigera. 

 (ii) False rings obscure : wood dense, heavy, red, brown, 

 purple or black. Including the chief hardest woods 

 of India and other tropical countries, such as the 

 Ebonies, Diospyros, Ironwood, Mesua fhrrea, Pynkado, 

 Xylia dolabriformis, Anjan, Hardwichia bindta, Rose- 

 woods, Dalblrgia, Pterocdrpus, etc., Babul, Acacia 

 ardbica, and other species, such, perhaps, as the 

 AustraHan Myall, A. homalophylla, Saj, Termindlia 

 tomentosa, Bandara, Lagerstrcemia parvifolia, Lignum- 

 vitse, Gudiacum, etc. Olive {Olea europd&a), a close. 



