CLASSIFICATION OF HARD-WOODS 53 



§§ Pith-rays very fine, but distinct, not markedly 

 satiny : rings circular : wood white or greenish : 

 vessels minute. Holly, Ilex, 

 tt Wood soft or very soft. 



§ Pores crowded, occupying nearly all the space 

 between the pith-rays. 

 % Yellowish-white, often darker or greenish in the 

 heartwood. American White-wood, YeUow-wood 

 or Yellow Poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera, and 

 Cucumber-tree. Magnolia acuminata and allied 

 species. 

 %t Sapwood greyish-white : heartwood hght to dark 

 reddish-brown, heavy, but soft. Sweet Gum, 

 Bilsted or Red Gum of U.S.A., Liquiddmhar styra- 

 ciflua. 

 §§ Pores not crowded, occupying not more than 

 one-third of the space between the pith-rays : 

 brownish or reddish-white to hght brown ; only 

 shghtly silky ; pith-rays less distinct and less 

 lustrous than in the Maples : light. Linden, 

 Lime or Basswood, Tilia, 

 ** Pith-rays not distinct to the naked eye. 

 t Wood hard : distribution of vessels uniform, or some- 

 times in wormhke hnes. 

 § Vessels 1-3 together. 



X Wood flesh-coloured, with pith - flecks. Haw- 

 thorn, Crataegus Oxyacdntha. 

 JJ Yellowish-white. Spindle-tree, Euonymus euro- 



paius. 

 ttj Greenish. Bladdernut, Staphylea pinndfa. 

 §§ Vessels 1-4 together. 

 J Without pith-flecks. 



^ Heartwood flesh-coloured. Dogwood, Gdrnus 



sanguinea. 

 ^\ Brownish-red, no distinct heartwood. Pear, 



Pyrus communis. 

 Illllf With a dark-red brown heartwood. Apple, 

 Pyrus Mdlus, 

 tt With pith-flecks. 



Tf Sapwood reddish-white : heartwood reddish- 

 brown : pith-flecks few, near centre. White 

 Beam, Pyrus Aria, 

 ^^ Brownish-yellow : pith-flecks numerous. Wild 

 Service-tree, Pyrus tormindlis. 



