BIRCH— BITTERWOOD M3 



sawing are allowed to lie together, mildew soon develops, and the 

 sapwood becomes what is known as *' dozy." Largely used, 

 especially in the Northern States, for furniture, sometimes stained 

 to imitate Mahogany or Cherry, and also for turnery, for bakers' 

 troughs, in ship-building, and for fuel. It is exported to England 

 in sawn planks and in shghtly waney logs 6—20 ft. long and 1— 2| ft. 

 square, the best coming from Quebec. It is here chiefly used for 

 bedroom furniture, the planks, which seldom exceed 9 in. in width, 

 being used chiefly for chair-making, while the logs are in great 

 request by the coachbuilder. 



Birch, Grey. See Birch, Yellow, and Birch, Old-Field. 



Birch, Mahogany, See Birch, Cherry. 



Birch, Old-Field {Betula popuU folia Marshall : Order Betuldcece), 

 '' White, Grey," or " Poplar-leaved Birch." Erom the St. Lawrence 

 to the Delaware. Height 25—30 ft. ; diam. 1 foot. S.G. 576. 

 W 35*9. R 778 kilos. Sapwood brownish-white ; heart light- 

 brown, light, soft, fine-grained, taking a fine satiny polish, not 

 strong, nor durable. Used for bobbins, shoe-pegs, paper pulp, 

 and fuel. 



Birch, Paper. See Birch, Canoe. 



Birch, Indian Paper {Betula Bhojpdtra Wall.). Sanskrit '' Bhur- 

 jama," Telugu " Bharjapatri," Japa^i " Onoore." Northern India. 

 Yellow to reddish-white, hard. Used for furniture and exported. 



Birch, Red or River {Betula nigra L.). Eastern United States. 

 French " Merisier rouge." Smaller, Hghter, and less valuable than 

 the other American species, nearly white. Used Hke poplar, but 

 not exported. The name Red Birch is applied in New Zealand to 

 Fdgus fusca [see Birch, Black or White] and also, with " Silver 

 Birch," to F, Menziesii Hook, fil. S.G. 626. W 39. p 158-2. 



Birch, Sweet. See Birch, Cherry. 



Birch, White. See Birch, Common, Canoe, Black, and Old- 

 Field. 



Birch, Yellow {Betula Utea Michaux fil.). " Grey " or " Tall 

 Birch." Germ. " Gelbe Birke," French " Bouleau jaune," 8pan. 

 " Abedul amarillo." Eastern Canada and United States. Height 

 60—80 ft. ; diam. 2—3 ft. S.G. 655. W 40*8. R 1,248 kilos. 

 Sapwood nearly white ; heart Hght reddish-brown, heavy, very hard, 

 close-grained, tough, very strong, taking a beautiful satiny polish- 

 Burrs occur, which are used for mallets. The saphngs are split for 

 hoops and the older wood for very small woodware, such as button- 

 moulds, for chair-seats, wheel-hubs, and, in Canada, for frames of 

 sledges. It is also largely used for fuel. 



Bitterwood. See Quassia and Simarcuba. 



