ii 



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EBONY— ELM 171 



Ebony, White {Diospyros Malaca'pdi A. DC). Philippines. 

 [See Tarco.] 



Eki {Di^terocdrpus sp. ?). Lagos. W 72. R 51,154 lbs. 

 Stiffness (taking Oak as 100) 237*7. Worth 7s. per cubic foot for 

 piles or blocks. 



Elder {Sambucus nigra L. : Order CaprifoUdcece). Europe, West 

 Asia and North Africa. French " Sureau noir." Germ. " Schwartze 

 Holder." A small tree. W 35-5 — 64. Pith very large ; pith- 

 rays numerous and distinct : vessels more numerous in spring- 

 wood ; wood yellowish, hard, firm, difficult to dry, warping. Used 

 in turnery. In Cape Colony the name is applied to Nuxia flori- 

 h4nda Benth. See Vlier, 



Elder, Box. See Maple, Ash-leaved. 



Elm, a name referring originally and mainly to species of the 

 genus Ulmus (Order Ulmdcece), broad-leaved trees with very large 

 vessels in their spring-wood, and the vessels in the autumn- wood 

 in wavy peripheral Hues. French " Orme." Germ. " Ulm " or 



Riister," Ital " Ulmo." Span. " Olmo." 



Elm, American, Water or White [Ulmus Americana L.). French 

 Orme parasol." Alluvial ground in Eastern North America. 

 Height 100 ft. or more ; diam. 6— -7 ft. S.G. 650—540. W 34— 

 40*5. R 852 kilos. Sapwood yellowish- white ; heart light-brown, 

 heavy, strong, tough, compact, but not durable ; pores in spring- 

 wood conspicuously large and almost entirely in a single row. 

 Valuable for tool-handles, agricultural implements, wheel-hubs, 

 cooperage, etc., and for fuel. 



Elm, Canadian, Cliff, Cork, Hickory, Roek or White (C7. racemosa 

 Thomas). French " Orme a grappe." Germ. " Trauben Ulme, 

 Eelsen Ulme." Canada and Eastern United States. Height 

 80—150 ft. ; diam. 2—3 ft. S.G. 726—765. W 43—47. R 1,066 

 kilos, c 9,182. c' 1-213. v' 1-191. e' 1-39. f 144. Sapwood 

 greenish, not durable ; pores in spring- wood small, those in summer- 

 wood in fine rather distant lines ; heavy, hard, compact, very strong, 

 tough and elastic. Logs 20 — 40 ft. long and 11 — 16 in. square, 

 liable to split in drying, and, therefore, preferably kept immersed ; 

 v-ery durable under water. A valuable, but very slow-growing 

 timber, making on an average only one inch of diameter in fourteen 

 years. Largely used for the same purposes as the above-mentioned 

 species, and for house- and boat-building, being one of the best 

 timbers for bending, and exported in large quantities, in hewn 

 logs and in the round, to Liverpool and London for coach-building, 

 wheels, piles, boat-building, etc., fetching 3s. 6d. per cubic foot. 



^ Elm, Cork, Common or "English {U, campestris Sm.). Germ, 

 " Korkulme, Rote Riister." Height 80—90 ft. ; diam- 2—3 ft. S.G. 



