172 WOODS OF COMMERCE 



542—909. W 34— 56-7. E 445 tons per sq. in. e' -56. 29 14,000— 

 13,489. p^-49. /3-5. ftQ'25, c 5,460. c' '721. /c4-6. t;' -757. 

 fs -62. Sapwood narrow, yellowish-white, as durable as the heart ; 

 heart dark-brown or brownish-red, heavy, hard, firm, elastic, very 

 tough, very difficult to split, susceptible of high polish, extremely 

 durable if kept either dry or wet. The Rialto at Venice is 

 said to be built on 12,000 elm piles. The wavy hues of pores in 

 the summer-wood consist of single rows of pores and are inter- 

 rupted : pith-rays hardly distinguishable : grain twisted. Though 

 free from shakes, Elm timber is very hable to druxy knot, and, 

 though not splitting, is diffi.cult to season without twisting. On 

 the Continent Elm is valued for gun-carriages. In England it 

 was used formerly for water-pipes and is now employed for coffins, 

 butchers'-blocks, pulley-blocks, naves of wheels, pumps, ships* 

 keels, coachbuilding, turnery, etc., though for most purposes 

 inferior to Oak. Both this and the Scotch Elm are largely used for 

 chair-making at High Wycombe. 



Elm, Crows'-foot See Silver-tree. 



Elm, Dutch or Sand, a large-leafed form, allied to the last-men- 

 tioned, grown only for ornament, its wood being subject to star- 

 shake. 



Elm, Indian {U. integrifoUa Roxb.). Hind, "Papri." Telugu 

 " NalH." Burm, " Thalai." India, Ceylon, Burma. A large 

 tree. Wood light yellowish-grey to red, moderately hard and 

 strong. Used for door frames, cart-building, and carving. 



Elm, Japanese. See Keyaki. 



Elm, Moose, Red or Slippery (17. fulva Michx.). French " Orme 

 gras." Southern Canada and North-Eastern United States. 

 Height 60—70 ft. ; diam. 2 ft. S.G. 695. W 43-35. R 869 kilos. 

 Brownish-red, heavy, hard, strong, compact, tough, more durable 

 than other Elms ; pores in spring wood forming a broad band of 

 several rows, those in the summer wood in broken, slightly waved, 

 narrow Hues. It is more easily split than other Elms, and is, there- 

 fore, much used for fence-rails, whilst its toughness and flexibility 

 when steamed fit it for the ribs of boats. 



Elm, Scotch, Wych, or Mountain (f7. montdna Sm.), Also 

 known as " Chair-elm " and formerly as " Wych-hazel." Oerm. 

 " Bergriister." Height 80—120 ft. ; diam. up to 16 ft. In Britain 

 most abundant north of the Trent. Wood lighter-coloured, softer, 

 straighter-grained, and, therefore, more easily spMt than English 

 Elm. Pores in the summer wood in complete bands. Used for 

 the backs of Windsor chairs, shafts, and other purposes to which 

 Ash is applied, and for boat-building. 



Elm, Spanish. See Cypre, Bois de. 



