184 WOODS OF COMMERCE 



" Micocoulier occidentale/' Germ. " Abendlandischer Ziirgelbaum," 

 &fan. " Almez Americano." Height 100 ft. ; diam. 4 — 5 ft. 

 S.G. 729. W 45-4:. E 789 kilos. Sapwood yellowish or greenish ; 

 heart brown, often dark, rather heavy, not hard or strong, tough, 

 iine-grained, working well, shrinking moderately, and taking a 

 good satiny polish. Sometimes used for fencing, furniture, or 

 wheelwrights' work, as a substitute for Elm ; but scarce. 



Hackmatack. See Tamarack. 



Haldu [Adina cordifoUa Hook. fil. and Thom. = Naudea cordi- 

 folia Roxb. : Order Rubidcece). India, Ceylon, Burma. Hind, 

 " Haldu." Tamil " Manja Kadamba." Burm, " H'nau." Height 

 75 — 80 ft. ; diam. 2 — 3 ft. Pretty, yellow, light, close-grained, 

 resembling Box, but soft, easily worked, not strong, much affected 

 by weather, but durable if kept dry, cracking and warping, but 

 polishing well. Used for masts, interior work in house-building, 

 turnery, modelling, combs, etc. 



Hannoki {Alnus mMritima Nutt. : Order BetuUcece). Japan. 

 Height 40 ft. ; diam. 1 ft. Used for gunpowder-charcoal. 



Harra {Termindlia Ohebula Retz. : Order Combretdcece). India, 

 Ceylon, Burma. " Pilla murda wood." Hind. " Harra." Sansk. 

 '^Haritaka." Tamil "Pilla marda." Height 45—80 ft.; diam. 

 1| — 4 ft. S.G. 682. W 42 — 53. Brownish-grey, with a greenish, 

 yellowish, or reddish tinge, darkening externally on seasoning, 

 hard, strong, smooth and close-grained, taking a good pohsh and 

 seasoning well, but subject to dry rot and to the attacks of termites 

 and carpenter-bees. Used for beams and other house-building 

 purposes, agricultural implements, etc. Its fruits, Chebulic or 

 Black Myrobalans, are largely exported foi dyeing. 



Hawthorn {Gratcegus Oxyacdntha L. : Order Bosacece). " White- 

 thorn," "May," Europe, North and West Asia, and North 

 Africa. Height 10—20 ft. ; diam. seldom large. Plesh-coloured, 

 with numerous pith-flecks, hard, heavy, difficult to split, with- 

 out lustre ; vessels small, those in spring-wood not numerous ; 

 pith-rays indistinguishable. Used in turnery and for walking- 

 sticks, and the best substitute for Box for engraving yet discovered ; 

 but slow-growing and seldom procurable of any size. 



Hazel {Gorylus Avelldna L. : Order GupuUfercB). Europe, 

 North Africa, Temperate Asia. Height rarely 30 ft. ; diam. 

 generally less than 1 ft. S.G. 600. W 35—45. Reddish-white, 

 resembHng Beech, without heart, soft, highly elastic, easily split, 

 not durable ; annual rings almost circular ; pith-rays wide and 

 narrow; vessels small, in radial Hnes. Used for barrel-hoops 

 and walking-sticks. Gorylus Golurna L., the Turkish or Con- 

 stantinople Hazel, of South-Eastern Europe, reaches considerable 



