HORNBEAM— IROKO 189 



seen the similar timber of 0. duininsis Scop. ( = C. orientdlis Lam.) 

 of South-Eastem Europe labelled " Oriental Beech." 



Hornbeam, American {Carpinus Carolinidna Walt.). Eastern 

 North America. Eoiown also as " Blue '' or " Water Beech " and 

 "' Ironwood." Height sometimes 50 ft. ; diam. 1 — 2 ft. S.G. 728. 

 W 45-4. R 1,149 Mlos. Used to a small extent for handles, 

 mallets, levers, and hoops ; but apparently shghtly inferior to the 

 European species. 



Hornlbeam, Hop {Ostrya virginica Willd. : Order Ooryldcece). 

 Eastern North America. " Stonewood, Ironwood, Leverwood." 

 French " Bois dur." Germ, " Amerikanische Hopfenbuche." 

 Height 50 ft. ; diam. 2 ft. S.G. 828. W 47*5—58. R 1,134 kilos. 

 Sapwood whitish ; heart dull brownish, heavy, hard, very strong 

 and tough, durable. Used for fence-posts, handles, levers, etc., 

 but scarce : excellent fuel. The Hop-Hornbeam of Southern 

 Europe and Asia Minor {Ostrya carpinifoUa Scop.) is a similar but 

 reddish wood resembling Pear, and suitable for turnery, or as a 

 substitute for Hornbeam^ 



Horse-chestnut [Msculus Hippocdstanum L. : Order Sapin- 

 ddcece). Supposed to be a native of Asia ; but largely grown for 

 shade throughout Europe and the United States. French " Mar- 

 ronier d'Inde." Oerm. " Roszkastanie." Height sometimes 80 ft. ; 

 diam. 3 — 4 ft. W 60 — 29-5. White, or sHghtly yellowish or 

 reddish, soft, close-grained, warping little, not durable, being 

 deficient in tannin and resin ; annual rings wide, circular ; pith- 

 rays narrow, numerous, indistinct ; vessels small, numerous, 

 uniformly distributed, 1 — 7 together ; pith large, round. Wood 

 similar in character to Willow and Poplar. Used for flooring, 

 cart-Hnings, barrows, packing-cases, blind-wood in cabinet-making, 

 moulds for castings ; and, in Prance, for sabots. [See Buck-eye, 

 Tochi.] 



Huon Pine {Dacrydium FranJcUnii Hook. fil. : Order Coniferce), 

 Tasmania. Also known as " Macquarie Pine." Height 60 — 80 or 

 100 ft. ; diam. 3 — 6 ft. W 33. Light yellow, very beautifully marked 

 with dark wavy lines and small knots, Hght, close-grained, tough, 

 easily worked, susceptible of a good polish, durable, noxious to 

 insects. Used for boat-buildmg, carving, and bedroom furniture, 

 and burns briskly with an aromatic fragrance ; but is now quite 

 scarce. 



Illupi. See Mahwa. 



IpiL See Epel. 



Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa Benth. and Hook. fil. : Order Mordcece), 

 Tropical West Africa, principally Southern Nigeria. " Iroko " 

 in Yorubu land, " Odum " in Guinea, " Mbundu " in Uluguru, 



