228 WOODS OP COMMERCE 



Oak, Live [Q. virens Ait.). Southern States. French " ChMe 

 vert.'* Germ. " Lebenseiche, Immergriine Eiche." Height 60 ft. 

 or more ; diam. 5 ft. or more. Sapwood light-brown ; heart dark- 

 brown ; rings of moderate width ; pores very few and small ; pith- 

 rays distinct and bright ; very heavy, compact, hard, tough, strong, 

 fine, and close, but somewhat twisted in grain, and consequently 

 very difficult to work, durable. Seldom yielding large straight 

 timber, but with many crooked pieces, it was formerly much used 

 for knees in shipbuilding. It is, perhaps, stronger than any known 

 Oak, and is now used^^by wheelwrights, millwrights, and tool- 

 makers. 



Oak, California Live^iQ. chrysoUpis Liehm.). Pacific States at 

 altitudes of 3,000—8,000 ft. Known also as "Thick-cup Live 

 Oak, Maul Oak," and " Valparaiso Oak. ' Height 80 ft. or more ; 

 diam. 5 ft. or more. Very heavy, hard, tough, very strong. Con- 

 siderably used in waggon-building, and for agricultural implements. 



Oak, Mossy-cup. See Oak, Burr. 



Oak, Peach. See Oak, Tan-bark and Oak, Willow. 



Oak, Pin {Q. faMstris Du Roi.). South-Central States. Known 

 also as " Swamp Spanish " and '' Water Oak." French " Ch^ne 

 marecageaux." Germ. '' Sumpf Eiche." No distinct heart ; rings 

 wide, very wavy ; pores very numerous, forming a wide zone ; light 

 brown. 



Oak, Possum* See Oak, Water. 



Oak, Post {Q, oUusiloba Michaux). Eastern and Southern 

 States. Known also as " Iron Oak." French '' GMne poteau." 

 Germ. '' Pfahl Eiche, Posteiche, Eiseneiche." Height 60 ft. or 

 more ; diam. 3 ft. or more. Sapwood light brownish ; heart sharply 

 defined, dark brown ; rings rather narirow ; pores small, in about 

 three rows ; very heavy and hard, very durable in contact with soil. 

 Used chiefly for railroad-ties, fencing, and fuel ; but occasionally 

 for cooperage and carriage-building. 



Oak, Punk. See Oak, Water. 



Oak, Quebec. See Oak, White. 



Oak, Quercitron. See Oak, Yellow. 



Oak, Red {Q. rubra L.). Canada and North-Eastern States. 

 Known in commerce as " Canadian Red " and as " Black Oak." 

 French " Ch^ne rouge." Germ. " Rotheiche." Height 80—100 ft. 

 or more ; diam. 4—6 or 7 ft. S.G. 664. W 40— 49-26. R 990 

 kilos. Sapwood almost white ; heart Hght-brown or reddish ; rings 

 wide ; pores numerous, in a wide zone ; pith-rays indistinct ; heavy, 

 hard, strong, but inferior to White Oak, coarse-grained, and so 



