230 WOODS OF COMMERCE 



long and 11 — 28 in. square, or in thick-stuff or planks. Largely 

 used in ship -building, house-frames, interior finish, door-sills, staves 

 for wine-casks, railway and other carriage-building, agricultural 

 implements, fence-posts, sleepers, piles, furniture, and fuel. Though 

 beautifully marked when quarter-sawn, it is inferior to the best 

 European Oak. " Quebec Oak " is the trade name of an excellent 

 quality, and " Baltimore Oak " that of a somewhat inferior one, 

 both named from their port of shipment, and realizing from 2s. 6d. 

 to 2s. 9d. per cubic foot in London. The name " White Oak " is 

 applied in the Southern States to Q, Durdndii Buckley, and in the 

 West to Q. Oarrydna Bougl. 



Oak, Swamp White {Q. hicolor Willd.). Eastern Canada and 

 United States. French *' GMne de marais." Germ, " Sumpf 

 Weisseiche, Zweifarbige Eiche." Height 75 — 100 ft. ; diam. 5 ft. 

 S.G. 766. W 47-75. R 909 kilos. Sapwood whitish ; heart defined, 

 pmkish brown, hea^y, hard, tough, and strong, resembling Q. aqud- 

 tica, but with more defined heart and wide rings and pith-rays. 

 Classed in trade as '' White Oak "; but appearing inferior. 



Oak, Weeping or Western {Q, lohdta Nee). California. Oerm, 

 " Westhche Weisseiche." The largest-growing species on the 

 Pacific coast. Classed as " White Oak." 



Oak, Willow {Q. PMllos L.). Eastern States. Known also as 

 " Peach Oak." Heavy, hard, very elastic, but small. 



Oak, Yellow (Q. tindoria Bartram). Eastern United States. 

 Known also as " Black " or " Quercitron Oak." French '' Ch^ne 

 jaune." Germ, " Earber Eiche." Height 80 ft. or more ; diam. 

 3 ft. or more. Sapwood white ; heart reddish-brown, heavy, hard, 

 coarse-grained, porous, strong, but not tough ; rings narrow, wavy ; 

 pith-rays numerous : pores in spring-wood in 3—5 rows. Valued 

 for its bark for tanning and dyeing yellow, and used as a substi- 

 tute for White Oak in building, cooperage, etc., and for fuel. [See 

 also Oak, Chinquapin.] 



In the Himalayas there is a considerable variety of species of 

 Oak, most of which are evergreen. The wood of these species is 

 often hard, durable, and valuable, resembling English Oak, but 

 not having distinct annual rings, these being replaced by partial 

 zones of wood-parenchyma or '' false rings." Among them are : 



Oak, Brown (Q. semecarpifoUa Sm.). Afghanistan to Bhotan, at 

 altitudes of 8,000—10,000 ft. Wood large, reddish-grey, very hard. 

 Used for all kinds of building and for charcoal. 



Oak, Green (Q, dilatdta Lindl.). Afghanistan and the North- 

 West. Wood large, hard, seasoning well without warping, durable. 

 Used for building. The name is also applied to Q, gla4ca Thunb., 

 which grows from Kashmir to Bhotan and in Japan, and yields 



