250 WOODS OF COMMERCE 



century.'^ Dantzic Eir, floated in rafts down the Vistula to that 

 port, comes into the market in lengths from 18-— 50 ft., squaring 

 from 11—20 in., in deals 2—5 in. thick, and as irregularly grown 

 logs for sleepers. The longest and straightest logs most free from 

 knots are selected at Dantzic as " inch-masts," " hand-masts," and 

 ''spars," or "poles"; ''inch-masts being over 6 ft. in circum- 

 ference, and dressed octagonally or square ; " hand-masts," from 

 2—6 ft. round, their length being measured in hands ; and " spars " 

 or " poles," less than 2 ft. round. This wood is valued for deck- 

 planking, beams, joists, scaffolding, railway-work, etc. Its average 

 specific gravity is given by Mr. Laslett as 582, and it is described 

 by him as hght, moderately hard, even and straight in grain, tough, 

 elastic, and easily worked. Riga Eir, with fewer knots, but a slight 

 tendency to heart-shake, which makes it more wasteful in conver- 

 sion into plank, averages about 541 in specific gravity, and so is, 

 on the whole, inferior to Dantzic. Swedish Eir is yellowish-white, 

 liable to heart-, star-, and cup-shakes, and does not exceed 35 ft. in 

 length, or 16 in. square. It furnishes cheap building material, 

 deals for rough carpentry, and much wood for matches and fire- 

 wood. Norway Eir comes over in cheap prepared flooring and 

 matchboarding, and as firewood. 



Pine, Norway. See Pine, Canadian Red, 



Pine, Nut (P. Sabinidna Dough). California, up to 4,000 ft. 

 Known also as " Digger " or " Bull Pine." Germ. " Nusskiefer, 

 Weisskiefer." Height 40—50 or 80 ft. ; diam. 1—4 ft. Light, 

 very soft, resinous, cross-grained, not durable. Valuable only as 

 fuel. 



Pine, Olbispo (P. muricdta Don.). Cahfornian coast. Known 

 also, by a corruption, as " Bishop's Pine " and as " Prickle-coned 

 Pine." Germ, '* Bischofs Eaefer." Height 25 — 50 ft. ; diam. 

 1 — 2 ft. Light, resinous, coarse-grained. Used almost exclusively 

 for fuel, except in the North, where it is employed in rough car- 

 pentry. 



Pine, Old Field. See Pine, Loblolly and Short-leaf. 



Pine, Oregon {Pseudotsuga Dougldsii Carr.). Western North 

 America from lat. 6^^ N. southward to lat. 23|-° JST., up to 11,000 ft. 

 Known also from its discoverer as "Douglas Eir" or "Douglas 

 Spruce," or as " Yellow " or " Red Eir." French " Sapin de 

 Douglas." Germ, " Douglas-Tanne, Douglas-Eichte." Height 

 100 — 300 ft. ; diam. 4 — 6 or 12 ft. S.G. 605. Though more 

 nearly allied to the Eirs and Spruces, resembling Larch or hard 

 Pine in the general appearance, quality, and character of its wood. 

 Sapwood narrow, yellowish, heart variable, usually reddish-white, 

 heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, with well-defined summer 

 wood, but sometimes yellowish, hghter and finer in grain ; close, 



