SPRUCE 277 



Spruce, Californian Coast. See Spruce, Sitka. 



Spruce, Canadian. See Spruce, Black. 



Spruce, Colorado. See Spruce, Blue. 



Spruce, Common (P. excelsa Link). From the Urals and Lap- 

 land to the Pyrenees and Alps. Known also as " Spruce Fir, 

 Norway Spruce," or " White Fir," and its wood as "White Deal." 

 " Swiss Pine, Violin- wood." French " Faux sapin, sapin-pesse, 

 sapin geniil, serente, pinesse, bois de resonnance." Germ. "Fichte 

 Rothanne, Peehtanne." Height 125 — 150 ft. ; diam. 3 — 5 ft. 

 W 64.7 when green, 28 — 32 when dry. E 715 tons. / 3^77. ft 5-5. 

 fc 2 — 2-86. fs -27. Stress requisite to indent it -^ in. transversely 

 to the fibres, 500 lbs. per sq. in. Straight-growing, white, reddish 

 or yellowish, light, straight and even in grain, tough, elastic, easy 

 to work except for the small hard knots, warping and shrinking 

 slightly in seasoning, durable. Mostly imported from Norway 

 with the bark on, in logs 30 — 60 ft. long, and 6 — 8 in, in diam., 

 that from St. Petersburg being the best, that from the White Sea 

 excellent, and that from Riga, Memel, and Bantzig large, but 

 coarser. Very great quantities of White Deals are now arriving 

 from Galatz, of greater average length and coarser grain than Baltic 

 timber, probably the product of the form Picia montdna Schur. of 

 Transsylvania and Moldavia. This timber is competing with 

 Canadian Spruce. Spruce poles are used for scaffolding, telegraph- 

 posts, ladders, roofs, fences, spars, and oars. The largest wood is 

 converted into deals and planking, chiefly for Central and Southern 

 Europe, for flooring, for toys, for which wide-ringed wood is pre- 

 ferred, for packing-cases, for sounding-boards, dressers, and kitchen- 

 tables, on account of its whiteness, and to a very large extent for 

 paper-pulp. Spruce is also largely used for charcoal and for fuel, 

 while its resin is used in the preparation of Burgundy pitch. 



Spruce, DouMe. See Spruce, Black. 



Spruce, Douglas. See Pine, Oregon. 



Spruce, Engelmann's. See Spruce, White. 



Spruce, Hemlock. See Hemlock Spruce. 



Spruce, Himalayan (P. Morinda lAnk^Pinus Smithidna Wall.= 

 Abies Smithidna Forbes = -4. Khutrow Loud. = Picea Smithidna 

 Boiss.). Bhotan to Afghanistan at 6,000—11,000 ft. Known also 

 as " Indian Spruce," '' Morinda," or " Khutrow." Height 120— 

 150 ft. ; diam. 5—7 ft. White or nearly so, non-resinous, soft, 

 straight-grained, easily worked, not durable, turning red and 

 decaying rapidly on exposure. Used largely in Simla and its dis- 

 trict of growth for packing-cases, rough and indoor carpentry, 

 planking, and fuel. 



