26 SKETCH OF THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE, 



There are two bones of the fore arm, namely, the radius, which makes a 

 joint with the humerus and with the bones of the knee ; and the uhia, which 

 is united to the back and upper part of the radius, above which it projects. 

 The free part of the ulna is called the olecranon, the top of which is termed 

 ^tfomf of the elbow. 



There are two rows of bones of the knee, at the back of which a bone (the 

 tf'opezijm) is placed. It is curved inwards so as to form a groove for the 

 passage of the back tendons of the fore leg. 



The two sjplmt bones are placed at the back of the cannon4om, one on the 

 outside, the other on the inside. They form a groove in which lies the upper 

 portion of the suspensory ligament ^ 



There is a joint between the cannon-bone and the long pastern bone, 

 between the two pastern bones, and between the short pastern boneBxA the 

 pedal (or coffin) bone. The navicular bone articulates with both the short 

 pastern bone and the pedal bone. It and the two bones behind the fetlock 

 (the sesamoid bo?ies) serve as pulleys for one of the back tendons. 



The pedal bone is surrounded by a membrane, which secretes the horn 

 of the wall of the hoof, sole and frog, in somewhat the same manner as the 

 skin which covers the bones of the head secretes the hair of that part. 



Tht pelvis, which rests on, and is firmly attached to, the sacrum, appears 

 as a single bone in the adult animal, although it really consists of two halves, 

 which we may regard as the respective shoulder blades of the hind-quarters. 

 Each half furnishes a socket for the head of its respective thigh bone. The 

 point of the hip, on either side, is the front and outer corner of the pelvis. 

 The two inner corners of the pelvis are firmly connected with the sacrum, 

 upon which they rest. They form the highest point of the bony framework 

 of the croup. In the absence of a recognised popular term, we may call the 

 rearmost points of the pelvis ^t points of the buttock. 



The head of the thigh bone makes a ball and socket joint with the pelvis ; 

 while its lower end articulates with the tibia to form the stifle joint, in front 

 of which the pattlla (knee cap) is placed. The patella serves for the attach- 

 ment of muscles which extend the stifle joint It is kept in position by 

 strong ligaments. A portion of the thigh bone projects, from the outside, 

 above the hip joint. The tibia articulates, at one end, with the thigh bone ; 

 and, at the other, with the astragalus, which is one of the bones of the hock. 

 The part of the astragalus which makes a joint with the tibia, is formed 

 like a pulley, the grooves of which have an outward and forward direction. 

 The OS calcis is placed behind the astragalus, and projects above it; its 

 summit being called the point of the hock. The small bones of the hock are 

 interposed between the astragalus and os calcis, and the cannon-bone and the 

 two splint bones. Tht fibula is a rudimentary bone, which is attached to the 

 tibia, and which corresponds to the ulna. According to Chauveau, the 

 patella has no analogue m the fore extremity. The bones below the hock 

 are similar to those below the knee. 



Analogies between the bones of man and the horse* — The horse possesses no 

 collar bone, consequently there is no bony connection between his fore 



