Il. THE PINES. 59 
struction by various enemies. On a rocky surface, they may be 
cast into the crevices of the rocks, or beneath the thin soil which 
covers them. On an open plain, they require protection, which 
may be found in various low bushes, such as sweet fern; or if 
sown on a waste, sterile land, they must be sown with the seeds 
of some quick-growing shrub, or tall grass, which shall protect 
them for two or three years. For the first two or three years, 
these plants are of slow growth; but after the fifth they grow 
very rapidly; and continue, m favorable situations, to make 
one or two feet annually, until they have reached twenty or 
thirty feet, and, in the case of the taller species, a much greater 
height. The root, in most species, penetrates at once, in the 
first or second year, to the depth of one or two feet, but never 
to a much greater depth. 
The evergreens are transplanted with less facility and success 
than most deciduous trees. ‘Those intended for transplantation 
are, therefore, in the English nurseries, usually kept in pots, 
whereby they are prevented from throwing down a long root. 
All the pies are, however, successfully transplanted. if sufficient 
care be taken not to injure the roots nor heads, and to have a 
pit sufficiently large for all the roots to be fully spread, and 
not to set them too deep. The most difficult are the white and 
pitch pines. ‘T'o ensure success, these should be transplanted 
in winter; the pits having been formed and the plant to be 
moved having been surrounded by a circular trench in the pre- 
vious autumn. In this way, the whole of the roots, with the 
frozen earth adhering, may be removed in a single ball, and set 
at once in the pit, and surrounded by loose earth kept ready for 
the purpose. 
The evergreens have been divided * into three sections :— 
1. Those whose fruit is a true cone, with numerous imbricate 
scales, like the fir and pine; 
2. Those with a globular, compound fruit, like the cypress 
and arbor vite ; 
3. Those with a solitary fruit, like the yew. 
* By L. C. Richard. Annales du Museum, XVI, 296. 
