106 WOODY PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
which measured five feet three inches in circumference at two 
feet from the ground, and four feet three inches at five feet. 
The-trunk is much bent, and all the branches violently twisted 
landward by the northeast wind, which pours in upon it from 
between two hills. The smooth bark is nearly covered with 
parmelias and other lichens. 
Another, near the same place, lies prostrate on the rock from 
beneath which it springs. It has a circumference of five feet 
three inches as near the root as it can be measured, and six feet 
eight inches at the largest part free of branches. These, nu- 
merous, crowded and matted, bend down like a pent-house, 
over the side of the rock. Others are seen on the same road, 
as if crouching behind walls; rismg higher and higher as they 
recede from the walls, and forming protected, sunny spots for 
sheep to lie in. 
An old tree of red cedar on J. Davis’s land in Roxbury, nearly 
opposite the summer residence of E. Francis, Esq., is one foot 
four inches in diameter at four feet from the ground. 
This tree, of which there are many varieties, is found, in 
America, from the Saskatchawan, in Canada, in latitude 54°, 
as far as Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, the Bermudas and Bar- 
badoes Islands, around the Gulf of Mexico beyond St. Bar- 
nard’s Bay, and through the Western States to the Rocky 
Mountains. It abounds in Europe and northern Asia, as far 
as the Crimea and the Oural, having thus a geographical range 
equal, perhaps superior, to any other tree known. 
On the branches of the red cedar are often found excrescences, 
which, when fresh, are of a tough, fleshy consistency, enclosed 
in a reddish brown bark. On drying, they become of a woody 
texture. On the last day of June, a mild, rainy day, these were 
found, every where, enveloped by an orange-colored substance 
in threads an inch or more long, and one or two lines thick, 
gelatinous, of little consistency, and full of cells, each thread 
issuing from a circular or polygonal depression. On the fol- 
lowing day, they were all beginning to dry up, and ina few 
days, scarcely a trace of the gelatinous substance remained. 
These cedar apples, as they are called, are commonly sup- 
posed to be produced by the action of some insect. They are, 
