XXVIT. 1. THE COCKSPUR THORN. 433 
should not be gathered till they are dead ripe. As many haws 
contain more than one seed, they ought not to be put in the 
ground entire, but, if they are to be sown immediately, they 
must be macerated in water till the pulp is separated from the 
nuts; and the latter should then be mixed with dry sand, to 
keep them separate, and to enable the sower to scatter them 
equally over the surface; they should be sown in November or 
December, as soon as separated from the pulp. They may be 
sown thinly in beds, the seeds being scattered so as to lie about 
one inch apart every way, and covered about a quarter of an 
inch. At the end of the first year’s growth, the strongest of the 
plants may be thinned out from the beds, and planted in nursery 
lines; and in the autumn of the second year, the remaining 
plants may be taken up for the same purpose. Hawthorns 
ought always to be two years transplanted before they are em- 
ployed for hedges; younger and untransplanted plants, though 
cheaper to purchase, are always the most expensive to the 
planter, as they require temporary protection for a longer pe- 
riod.’”,—Loudon, If, 840. 
When the pear is grafted into the thorn, it should be done 
close to the surface of the ground, or even beneath it, as other- 
wise there is danger of the trunk out-growing the root, and 
being blown over by the wind. 
Sixteen species, according to ‘Torrey and Gray, are found in 
North America. The following are found in Massachusetts :— 
Sp. 1. Tse Cocxspur Tuorn. C. crusgélli. 1. 
This is a singularly neat shrub, often forming a beautiful, 
round-headed, small tree, ten or fifteen feet in height. The trunk 
is erect, with a rough, scaly bark, and set with sharp thorns. 
The branches are gray, numerous, large, nearly horizontal, and 
very thorny. Recent shoots of a reddish gray. The leaves are 
entire, inversely egg-shaped, tapering regularly from near the 
end to the base of the footstalk. They are rounded or pointed 
at the extremity, serrate, except towards the base, dark grcen, 
smooth and very shining above, paler, but smooth and conspic- 
uously reticulated beneath. 
The flowers are in irregular corymbs, with a leafy footstalk, 
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