LIST OP ONE HUNDRED TEEES MOST VALUABLE FOR TIMBER. 



55 



List of one hundred species of trees of 1he United States most valuable for timber, with notes on their range of distribution, 



cultural requirements, and the character and uses of their wood — Continued. 



Name of species and limit of size. 



Hen ions of abundant growth. 



Soil and climate, and characteristics of growtli. 



24. AMABILIS FIR I Northwestern coast, mostly asso- Gravelly soils. 



eiated with the preceding 

 species. 



(Abies amaUUs (Load.) Forbes.) 



Height, 100 feet + ; diameter, 



4 feet + . 

 According to others, 250 feet 



high and 5 feet in diameter. 



Best development on mountains 

 south of the Columbia Itiver; 

 3,000 to 4,000 feet. 



Will probably prove hardy in Eastern States. 



IV. Bastard Spruces. — Under this name may be grouped the Hemlocks and Douglas Spruce, formerly classed 

 with the spruces and iirs proper. Mostly of northern distribution, and therefore best adapted to cool, moist 

 situations; enduring considerable shade. Some of the species grow very rapidly. 



Characteristics. — Leaves single, Hat, linear, with distinct stalks (petioles) somewhat comb-like in their arrange- 

 ment on the twigs. Cones usually small, with thin scales, hanging from the ends of the branches. Seeds partly 

 inclosed in a persistent wing; resemble those of the firs, but of smaller size; mature the first year; do not keep well; 

 low percentage of germination. Branches pendant; crown spindle-like inform. Two genera, comprising seven 

 species, five of which are indigenous. 



The wood of tbe Douglas Spruce resembles the common "hard pine" (Red, Loblolly, etc.) in texture and grain, 

 resembles the larch in color, and is used for all purposes for which pine is employed, the excellent dimensions 

 naturally leading to its preference for many purposes. 



The wood of the Eastern Hemlock is used chiefly for dimension stuff, also for boards, and recently for pulp; but 

 it has been well demonstrated that the wood is well suited even for finishing lumber, and that the prevailing 

 prejudice against it is as unwarranted in the case of the Eastern as in that of the Western Hemlock. The 

 appearance of the wood in oil finish is very satisfactory. 



Name of species and limit of size. 



25. O0&JC3I.AS SPKUCE 



(Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Ore- 

 gon Pine.) 



(Pseudotsuga taxi folia ( P o i r . ) 

 Britt.) 



Iloight, 300 feet j- ; diame- 

 ter, 10 ieot + . 



26. HEMLOCK 



{Tsuga canadensis (Linn.) Carr.) 



Height, 80 feet + ; diame- 

 ter, 3 feet +•. 



27. WESTERN HEMLOCK 



( Tsuga merte n nan a (Bong.) 

 Carr.) 



Height, 180 feet ~\- ; diame- 

 ter, 6 feet +. 



Regions of abundant growtli. 



Rocky Mountain region to Pacific; 

 wide range; forming forests. 



Rest development in Western Ore- 

 gon and Washington. 



Northern and Eastern States, form- 

 ing forests. 



Best development probably in 

 Canada. 



Northwestern States, between 

 1,000 and 4,000 feet. 



Best development in western Ore- 

 gon and Washington. 



Soil and climate, and characteristics of growth. 



Accommodates itself to many soils, but prefers a deep and moist 

 cool and well -drained one; succeeds well on a dry, slaty soil, 

 and on sand dunes and exposed situations. 



Surpasses almost all of the conifers in the rapidity of its growth, 

 and endures drought better than most of them ; shade-endur- 

 ing. 



One of the largest and most imporrnnt forest trees of the West. 

 For Eastern planting seed should be procured from Colorado 

 or Montana. Repairs damage very readily. 



Light, alluvial loam, well-drained, but cool and moist situa- 

 tions. 



Grows slowly when young, but tolerably rapidly after four or 

 live years; 'endures shade. 



Excellent nurse tree for White Pine, with which it is usually 

 associated. 



A substitute for the above species on the Pacific coast. 



» 

 An exceedingly rapid grower, even on poor soils. 



Yery shade-enduring, forming large part of the undergrowth in 

 its habitat. 



V. Deciduous Conifers.— Though botanically not classed together, yet in forestry they may he considered 

 allied, as the yearly fall of leaves improves the soil, while the absence of foliage during the winter and early spring 

 distinguishes them from the evergreens, and their extreme need of light requires similar forest management. The 

 Larches are of Northern or mountain habitat and the Bald Cypress of local southern distribution; but are all adapted 

 to various situations. The European Larch probably surpasses the Northeastern Tamarack in every respect. 



Characteristics. — Larches: Leaves in clusters, slender, and soft. Cones small, egg-shaped, or elongated, with 

 thin scales. Seeds small, triangular, nut-like in shape; mature the first year. Produces seed frequently and 

 abundantly. Seeds keep well, but are of low percentage of germination. 



Bald Cypress: Leaves single, sharp-pointed, very small and scanty, comb-like in the arrangement on the young 

 twigs. Cones ball-like, with thick, woody scales, falling apart when mature. Seeds irregularly triangular-shaped, 

 with hard, thick, wood-like shell ; mature yearly abundantly, and keep well. 



