90 FORESTRY INVESTIGATIONS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



24. Loblolly pine (Pi'mms t<nla) (slash pine, old-field pine, rosemary pine, sap pine, short-straw pine, etc.) : Large- 

 sized tree; forms extensive forests ; wider-ringed, coarser, lighter, softer, with more sapwood than the long- 

 leaf pine, hut the two often confounded. This is the common lumber pine from Virginia to South Carolina, 

 and is found extonsi\el\ in Arkansas and Texas. Southern States; Virginia to Texas and Arkansas. 



25. Norway pine (Piuiii retinosa): Large-sized tree, never forming forests, usually scattered or in small groves, 

 together uith white pine; largely sapwood and hence not durable. Minnesota to Michigan; also in New 

 England to Pennsylvania. 



26. Shortleaf pine (Pinus ccJrinata) (slash pine, Carolina pine, yellow pine, old field pine, etc.) : Resembles lob- 

 lolly pine; often appioachcs in its wood the Norway pine. The commou lumber pine of Missouri and 

 Arkansas. North Carolina to Texas and Missouri. 



27. Cuban pine (Finns hcterophylla) (slash pine, swamp pine, bastard pine, meadow pine) : Resembles longleaf 

 pine, but commonly has wider sapwood and coarser grain; does not enter the markets to any great extent. 

 Along the coast from South Carolina to Louisiana. 



28. Bull pine (Pintis jejf'reyi) (black pine): Large-sized tree, wood resembling bull pine (P. ponder osa)\ used 

 locally in California, replacing P. ponderosa at high altitudes. 



The following are small to medium sized pines, not commonly offered as lumber in the market; used locally for 

 timber, ties, etc. : 



29. Black pine (Finns Murray ana) (lodge-pole pine, tamarack) : Hock Mountains and Pacific regions. 



30. Pitch pine (Pinis rigida) : Along the coast from New York to Georgia and along the mountains to Kentucky. 



31. Jersey pine (Pinus viryiniana) (scrub pine): As before. 



32. Gray pine (Pinus diraricata) (scrub pine) : Maine, Vermont, and Michigan to Minnesota. 

 Redwood. (See Cedar.) 



Spruce.— Resembles soft, pine, is light, very soft, stiff, moderately strong, less resinous than pine; has no distinct 

 heartwood, and is of whitish color. Used like soft pine, but also employed as resonance wood and preferred for 

 paper pulp. Spruces, like pines, form extensive forests; they are more frugal, thrive on thinner soils, and 

 bear more shade, but usually require a more humid climate. "Black" and "white spruce/' as applied by 

 lumbermen, usually refer to narrow and wide ringed forms of the black spruce (Picea nigra.) 



33. Black spruce (Picea mariana): Medium-sized tree, forms extensive forests in northeastern United States 

 and in British America ; occurs scattered or in groves, especially in lowlands throughout the Northern 

 pineries. Important lumber tree in Eastern United States. Maine to Minnesota, British America, and on 

 the Alleghanich to North Carolina. 



34. White spruce (Picea alia); Generally associated with the preceding; most abundant along streams and 

 lakes, grows largest in Montana, and forms the most important tree of the subarctic forest of British America, 

 northern United States, from Maine to Minnesota, also from Montana to Pacific, British America. 



35. White spruce (Picea engd man tii): Medium to large sized tree, forming extensive forests at elevations from 

 5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level; resembles the preceding, but occupies a different station. A very 

 important timber tree in the central and southern parts of the Eocky Mountains. Rocky Mountains from 

 Mexico to Montana. 



36. Tide-land spruce (Picea sitclwjisis) : A large-sized tree, forming an extensive coast-belt forest. Along the 

 seacoast from Alaska to Central California. 



Baa*ard Spruce. — Spruce, or iir in name, but resembling hard pine or larch in the appearance, quality, and uses of 

 its wood. 



37. Douglas spruce (Pseudotsnga taxifolia) (yellow fir, red iir, Oregon pine): One of the most important trees 

 of the Western United States; grows very large in the Pacific States, to fair size in all parts of the moun- 

 tains, in Colorado up to about 10,000 feet above sea level ; forms extensive forests, often of pure growth. Wood 

 very variable, usually coarse grained and heavy, with very pronounced summer wood, hard and strong 

 ("red v fir), but often fine grained and light ("yellow" fir). It replaces hard pine and is especially suited 

 to heavy construction. From the plains to the Pacific Ocean; from Mexico to British America. 



Tamaiacl'. (See Larch.) 



Yew. — Wood heavy, hard, extremely stiff, and strong, of fine texture, with a pale yellow sapwood, and an orange-red 



heart; seasons well and is quite durable. Tew is extensively used for archery, bows, turner's ware, etc. The 



yews form no forests, but occur scattered with other conifers. 



38. Yew (Taxus brevifolia) : A small to medium sized tree of the Pacific region. 



B. BROAD-LEAVED ^ OODS (Hardwoods). 



Woods of complex and very variable structure, and therefore differing widely in quality, behavior, and conse- 

 quently in applicability to the arts. 



Ash. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, stiff, quite tough, not durable in contact with soil, straight-grained, rough on the 

 split surface, and coarse in texture. The wood shrinks moderately, seasons with little injury, stands well, and 

 takes a good polish. In carpentry ash is used for finishing lumber, stairways, panels, etc. It is used in ship- 

 building, in the construction of cars, wagons, carriages, etc., in the manufacture of farm implements, machinery, 

 and especially of furniture of all kinds, and also for harness work; for barrels, baskets, oars, tool handles, hoops, 

 clothespins, and toys. The trees of the several species of ash are rapid growers, of small to medium height, 

 with stout trunks; they form no forests, but occur scattered in almost all our broad-leaved forests. 



39. White ash (Fraxinue americana) : Medium, sometimes large-sized tree. Basin of the Ohio, but found from 

 Maine to Minnesota and Texas. 



40. Eed ash ( Fraxinm pennsylvanica) : Small sized tree. North Atlantic States, but extends to the Mississippi. 



