92 FORESTRY INVESTIGATIONS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Chestnut 



58. Chestnut (Castanea deniaia): Wood light, moderately soft, stiff, not strong, of coarse texture; the sap wood 

 light, the heart wood darker brown. It shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works easily, stands 

 well, and is very durable. Used m cabinetwork, cooperage, for railway ties, telegraph poles, and locally in 

 heavy construction. Medium-sized tree, very common in the Alleghenies, occurs from Maine to Michigan 

 and southward to Alabama. 



59. Chinquapin (Cattama pumila) : A small-sized tree, with wood slightly heavier but otherwise similar to the 

 preceding; most common in Arkansas, but with nearly the same range as the chestnut. 



60. Chinquapin {Castanojpbis chrysophylla) : A medium-sized tree of the western ranges of California and Oregon. 

 Coffee tree. 



61. Coffee tree (Gymnoeladus canadensis) (coffee nut): Wood heavy, hard, strong, very sti If, of coarse texture, 

 durable; the sap wood yellow, the heartwood reddish brown; shrinks and checks considerably in drying; 

 works and stands well and takes a good polish. It is used to a limited extent in cabinetwork. A medium 

 to large sized tree; not common. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Arkansas. 



Cottonwood. (Sec Poplar.) 



Cucumber tree. (See Tulip.) 



IHm.—Wood heavy, hard, strong, very tough; moderately durable in contact with the soil; commonly crossgrained, 

 difficult to split and shape, warps and checks considerably in drying, but stands well if properly handled. The 

 broad sap wood whitish, heart brown, both with shades of gray and red; on split surface rough; texture coarse 

 to fine ; capable of high polish. Elm is used in the construction of cars, wagons, etc., in boat and ship building, 

 for agricultural implements and machinery; in rough cooperage, saddlery and harness work, but particularly in 

 the manufacture of all kinds of furniture, where the beautiful figures, especially those of the tangential or 

 bastard sections, are just beginning to be duly appreciated. The elms are medium to large sized tiees, of fairly 

 rapid growth, with stout trunk, form no forests of pure growth, but are found scattered in all the broad-leaved 

 woods of our country, sometimes forming a considerable portion of the arborescent growth. 



62. White elm (Uhnus americana) (American elm, water elm) : Medium to large sized tree, common. Maine to 

 Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas. 



63. Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa) (cork elm, hickory elm, white elm, cliff elm): Medium to large sized tree. 

 Michigan, Ohio, from Vermont to Iowa, southward to Kentucky. 



64. Red elm (Uhnus pubescens) (slippery elm, moose elm): Small-sized tree, found chiefly along water courses. 

 New York to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Texas. 



65. Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia) : Small-sized tree, quite common. Arkansas and Texas. 



66. Winged elm ( Ulmus alata) (Wahoo) : Small-sized tree, locally quite common. Arkansas, Missouri, and 

 eastern Virginia. 



Gum. — This general term refers to two kinds of wood usually distinguished as sweet or red gum, and sour, black, or 

 tupelo gum, the former being a relative of the witch-hazel, the latter belonging to the dogwood family. 



67. Tupelo (Xyssa sytvatica) (sour gum, black gum) : Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. 

 Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, of fine texture, frequently crossgrained, of yellowish or grayish white 

 color, hard to split and work, troublesome in seasoning, warps and checks considerably, and is not durable 

 if exposed; used for wagon hub's, wooden ware, handles, wooden shoes, etc. Medium to large sized trees, 

 with straight, clear trunks; locally quite abundant, but never forming forests of pure growth. 



68. Tupelo gum (Xyssa aquatica) (cotton gum): Lower Mississippi basin, northward to Illinois and eastward to 

 Virginia, otherwise like preceding species. 



69. Sweet gum (Liquidambar styracijlua) (red gum, liquidambar, Misted) : Wood rather heavy, rather soft, quite 

 stiff and strong, tough, commonly crossgrained, of fine texture; the broad sapwood whitish, the heartwood 

 reddish brown ; the wood shrinks and warps considerably, but does not check badly, stands well when fully 

 seasoned, and takes good polish. Sweet gum is used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furniture, for cut 

 veneer, for wooden plates, plaques, baskets, etc., also for wagon hubs, hat blocks, etc. A large-sized tree, 

 very abundant, often the principal tree in the swampy parts of the bottoms of the Lower Mississippi Valley; 

 occurs from New York to Texas and fiom Indiana to Florida. 



Efackberry. 



70. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) (sugar berry) : The handsome wood, heavy, hard, strong, quite tough, of 

 moderately fine texture, and greenish or yellowish white color; shrinks moderately, works well, and takes 

 a good polish. So far but little used in the manufacture of furniture. Medium to large sized tree, locally 

 quite common, largest in the Lower Mississippi Valley; occurs in nearly all parts of the Eastern United 

 States. 



Hickory.— Wood very heavy, hard, and strong, proverbially tough, of rather coarse texture, smooth and of straight 

 grain. The broad sapwood white, the heart reddish nut brown. It dries slowly, shrinks and checks considerably ; 

 is not durable in the ground, or if exposed, and, especially the sapwood, is always subject to the inroads of 

 boring insects. Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock, but is also extensively used in the manufacture of 

 implements and machinery, for tool handles, timber pins, for harness work, and cooperage. The hickories are 

 tall trees with slender stems, never form forests, occasionally small groves, but usually occur scattered among 

 other broad-leaved trees in suitable localities. The following species all contribute more or less to the hickory 

 of the markets: 



71. Shagbark hickory (Ilivoria orata and II. laeimosa). Shellbark hickory: Medium to large sized trees, quite 

 common; the favorite among hickories; best developed m the Ohio and Mississippi basins; from Lake 

 Ontario to Texas, Minnesota to Florida. Shellbark more local. 



