AMERICAN WOODS. 98 



72. Mockernut hickory (HicoHa alba) (black hickory, hall and black nut, big bud, and white-heart hickory) : A 

 medium to large-sized tree, with the same range as the foregoing; common, especially in the South. 



73. Pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra) (brown hickory, black hickory, switch-bud hickory) : Medium to large sized 

 tree, abundant; all eastern United States. 



74. Bitternut hickory (Hicoria minima) (swamp hickory) : A medium-sized tree, favoring wet localities, with the 

 same range as the preceding. 



75. Pecan (Hicoria pecan) (Illinois nut) : A large tree, very common in the fertile bottoms of the Western streams ; 

 Indiana to Nebraska and southward to Louisiana and Texas. 



Holly. 



76. Holly (Ilex opaca) : Wood of medium weight, hard, strong, tough, of fine texture and white color; works and 

 stands well; used for cabinetwork and turnery. A small tree, most abundant in the Lower Mississippi Valley 

 and Gulf States, but occurring eastward to Massachusetts and northward to Indiana. 



Horse-chestnut. (See Buckeye.) 



Ironwood. (See Blue beech.) 



Locust.— -This name applies to both of the following: 



77. Black locust (Eobinia pseudacaeia) (black locust, yellow locust) : Wood very heavy, hard, strong, and tough, 

 of coarse texture, very durable in contact with the soil, shrinks considerably and slitters, in seasoning; the 

 very narrow sap wood yellowish, the heart wood brown, with shades of red and green. Used for wagon 

 hubs, tree nails or pins, but especially for ties, posts, etc. Abroad it is much used for furniture and farm 

 implements and also in turnery. Small to medium sized tree, at home in the Alleghenies; extensively 

 planted, especially in the West. 



78. Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) (black locust, sweet locust, three-thorned acacia): Wood heavy, hard, 

 strong, tough, of coarse texture, susceptible of a good polish, the narrow sap wood } ellow, the heartwood 

 brownish red. So far, but little appreciated except for fencing and luel; used to some extent for wagon 

 hubs and in rough construction. A medium-sized tree, found from Pennsylvania to Nebraska, and southward 

 to Florida and Texas; locally quite abundant. 



Magnolia. (See Tulip.) 



Maple. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, stiff, and tough, of fine texture, frequently wavy-grained, this giving rise to 

 "curly" and "blister" figures; not durable in the ground or otherwise exposed. Maple is creamy white, with 

 shades of light brown in the heart; shrinks moderately, seasons, works and stands well, wears smoothly, and 

 takes a tine polish. The wood is used for ceiling, flooring, paneling, stairway, and other finishing lumber in 

 house, ship, and car construction; it is used for the keels of boats and ships, in the manufacture of implements 

 and machinery, but especially for furniture, where entire chamber sets of maple rival those of oak. Maple is 

 also used for shoe lasts and other form blocks, for shoe pegs, for piano actions, school apparatus, for wood t> pe 

 in show-bill printing, tool handles, in wood carving, turnery, and scroll work. The maples are medium-sized 

 trees, of fairly rapid growth ; sometimes form forests and frequently constitute a large proportion of the arbo- 

 rescent growth. 



79. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) (hard maple, rock maple) : Medium to large sized tree, very common, forms 

 considerable forests. Maine to Minnesota, abundant, with biich, in parts of the pineries; southward to 

 northern Florida; most abundant in the region of the Great Lakes. 



80. Red maple (Jeer rubrum) (swamp or water maple) : Medium-sized tree. Like the preceding, but scattered 

 along water courses and other moist localities. 



81. Silver maple (Acer saceharinuui) (soft maple, silver maple): Medium-sized, common; wood lighter, softer, 

 inferior to hard maple, and usually offered in small quantities and held separate in the market. Valley of 

 the Ohio, but occurs from Maine to Dakota and southward to Florida. 



82. Broad-leafed maple (Acer macrophyllum) : Medium-sized tree, forms considerable forests, and, like the pre- 

 ceding, has a lighter, softer, and less valuable wood. Pacific Coast. 



Mulberry. 



83. Red mulberry (Morns rubra) : Wood moderately heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, of coarse texture, durable; 

 sapwood whitish, heart yellow to orange brown; shrinks and checks considerably in drying; works and 

 stands well. Used in cooperage and locally in shipbuilding and in the manufacture of farm implements. A 

 small-sized tree, common in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, but widely distributed in the eastern United 

 States. 



Oalc. — Wood very variable, usually very heavy and hard, very strong and tough, porous, and of coarse texture; the 

 sapwood whitish, the heart " oak " brown to reddish brown. It shrinks and checks badly, giving trouble in 

 seasoning, but stands well, is durable, and little subject to attacks of insects. Oak is used for many purposes — 

 in shipbuilding, for heavy construction, in common carpentry, in furnituie, car, and wagon work, cooperage, 

 turning, and even in wood carving; also in the manufacture of all kinds of farm implements, wooden mill 

 machinery, for piles and wharves, railway ties, etc. The oaks are medium to large sized trees, forming the 

 predominant part of a large portion of our broad-leaved forests, so that these are generally "oak forests" 

 though they always contain a considerable proportion of other kinds of trees. Three well-marked kinds, white, 

 red, and live oak, are distinguished and kept separate in the market. Of the two principal kinds white oak is 

 the stronger, tougher, less porous, and more durable. Red oak is usually of coarser texture, more porous, often 

 brittle, less durable, and even more troublesome in seasoning than white oak. In carpentry and furniture work 

 red oak brings about the same price at present as white oak. The red oaks everywhere accompany the white 

 oaks, and, like the latter, are usually represented by several species in any given locality. Live oak, once 



